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SDF molfile parser

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chemistry-software 2024-09-26 13:50:26 +02:00
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12
LICENSE
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Copyright (c) 2024 bdnugget. Copyright 2024 Bd <@bdnugget> - chemistry.software
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

25
README.md
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# gochem # SDF Molfile parser and molecule renderer with Raylib
chem tools ## Compilation
```sh
zig cc -o test -lraylib -L /usr/local/lib -I /usr/local/include main.c -DDEBUG
or
gcc $(pkg-config --cflags raylib) -L/usr/local/lib main.c -lraylib -lGL -lm -lpthread -ldl -lrt -lX11 -o ass -DDEBUG
```
Or without DEBUG flag to omit debug logging
## Example files
SDF molfiles of ethanol and methyl vinyl ketone are available. 3D SVG images were generated from these using OpenBabel for comparison with the Raymol output.
Conversion command:
```sh
obabel methyl-vinyl-ketone.sdf -Omethyl-vinyl-ketone.svg -xS
```
## TODO
- Drag and drop molfiles [Raylib supporst this nicely](https://www.raylib.com/examples/core/loader.html?name=core_drop_files)
- Use meshes instead of DrawSphere/Cylinder for performance (GPU already getting toasty)
- Use periodic table data for colors and bond properties etc, made an `Element` struct for this
By [@bdnugget](https://t.me/bdnugget)

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// Periodic Table CVS file from
// https://github.com/Bowserinator/Periodic-Table-JSON
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#define MAX_ELEMENTS 120
#define MAX_CSV_LINE_LENGTH 2048
typedef struct {
char name[50];
char appearance[100];
double atomic_mass;
double boil;
char category[50];
double density;
char discovered_by[50];
double melt;
double molar_heat;
char named_by[50];
int number;
int period;
int group;
char phase[10];
char source[100];
char bohr_model_image[200];
char bohr_model_3d[200];
char spectral_img[200];
char summary[500];
char symbol[3];
int xpos;
int ypos;
int wxpos;
int wypos;
char shells[50];
char electron_configuration[50];
char electron_configuration_semantic[50];
double electron_affinity;
double electronegativity_pauling;
char ionization_energies[200];
char cpk_hex[10];
char block[2];
char image_title[200];
char image_url[200];
char image_attribution[200];
} Element;
// Function to trim leading and trailing whitespaces
char *trimWhitespace(char *str) {
char *end;
// Trim leading space
while (isspace((unsigned char)*str))
str++;
if (*str == 0) // All spaces?
return str;
// Trim trailing space
end = str + strlen(str) - 1;
while (end > str && isspace((unsigned char)*end))
end--;
// Write new null terminator character
end[1] = '\0';
return str;
}
// Function to parse a CSV line considering quoted fields
void parseCSVLine(char *line, char **fields, int field_count) {
int field_index = 0;
int in_quotes = 0;
char *field_start = line;
for (char *p = line; *p; p++) {
if (*p == '\"') {
in_quotes = !in_quotes; // Toggle quote state
} else if (*p == ',' && !in_quotes) {
*p = '\0';
fields[field_index++] = trimWhitespace(field_start);
field_start = p + 1;
}
}
fields[field_index] = trimWhitespace(field_start);
}
// Function to parse the CSV file
Element *parseCSV(const char *filename, int *element_count) {
FILE *file = fopen(filename, "r");
if (!file) {
perror("Unable to open file");
return NULL;
}
Element *elements = (Element *)malloc(MAX_ELEMENTS * sizeof(Element));
if (!elements) {
perror("Unable to allocate memory");
fclose(file);
return NULL;
}
char line[MAX_CSV_LINE_LENGTH];
fgets(line, sizeof(line), file); // Skip the header line
*element_count = 0;
while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), file)) {
if (*element_count >= MAX_ELEMENTS)
break;
char *fields[35] = {0}; // Array to hold all fields in the CSV line
parseCSVLine(line, fields, 35);
Element elem = {0}; // Initialize all struct members to zero or empty
strncpy(elem.name, fields[0], sizeof(elem.name) - 1);
strncpy(elem.appearance, fields[1], sizeof(elem.appearance) - 1);
elem.atomic_mass = atof(fields[2]);
elem.boil = atof(fields[3]);
strncpy(elem.category, fields[4], sizeof(elem.category) - 1);
elem.density = atof(fields[5]);
strncpy(elem.discovered_by, fields[6], sizeof(elem.discovered_by) - 1);
elem.melt = atof(fields[7]);
elem.molar_heat = atof(fields[8]);
strncpy(elem.named_by, fields[9], sizeof(elem.named_by) - 1);
elem.number = atoi(fields[10]);
elem.period = atoi(fields[11]);
elem.group = atoi(fields[12]);
strncpy(elem.phase, fields[13], sizeof(elem.phase) - 1);
strncpy(elem.source, fields[14], sizeof(elem.source) - 1);
strncpy(elem.bohr_model_image, fields[15],
sizeof(elem.bohr_model_image) - 1);
strncpy(elem.bohr_model_3d, fields[16], sizeof(elem.bohr_model_3d) - 1);
strncpy(elem.spectral_img, fields[17], sizeof(elem.spectral_img) - 1);
strncpy(elem.summary, fields[18], sizeof(elem.summary) - 1);
strncpy(elem.symbol, fields[19], sizeof(elem.symbol) - 1);
elem.xpos = atoi(fields[20]);
elem.ypos = atoi(fields[21]);
elem.wxpos = atoi(fields[22]);
elem.wypos = atoi(fields[23]);
strncpy(elem.shells, fields[24], sizeof(elem.shells) - 1);
strncpy(elem.electron_configuration, fields[25],
sizeof(elem.electron_configuration) - 1);
strncpy(elem.electron_configuration_semantic, fields[26],
sizeof(elem.electron_configuration_semantic) - 1);
elem.electron_affinity = atof(fields[27]);
elem.electronegativity_pauling = atof(fields[28]);
strncpy(elem.ionization_energies, fields[29],
sizeof(elem.ionization_energies) - 1);
strncpy(elem.cpk_hex, fields[30], sizeof(elem.cpk_hex) - 1);
strncpy(elem.block, fields[31], sizeof(elem.block) - 1);
strncpy(elem.image_title, fields[32], sizeof(elem.image_title) - 1);
strncpy(elem.image_url, fields[33], sizeof(elem.image_url) - 1);
strncpy(elem.image_attribution, fields[34],
sizeof(elem.image_attribution) - 1);
elements[*element_count] = elem;
(*element_count)++;
}
fclose(file);
return elements;
}
int testParser() {
int element_count;
Element *elements = parseCSV("resources/periodictable.csv", &element_count);
if (elements) {
for (int i = 0; i < element_count; i++) {
printf("Element: %s (%s)\n", elements[i].name, elements[i].symbol);
printf("Atomic Mass: %.2f\n", elements[i].atomic_mass);
printf("Category: %s\n", elements[i].category);
printf("Atomic Number: %d\n", elements[i].number);
printf("Period: %d\n", elements[i].period);
printf("Group: %d\n", elements[i].group);
printf("Phase: %s\n", elements[i].phase);
printf("Summary: %s\n", elements[i].summary);
printf("Shells: %s\n", elements[i].shells);
printf("Electron Configuration: %s\n",
elements[i].electron_configuration);
printf("Electron Configuration Semantic: %s\n",
elements[i].electron_configuration_semantic);
printf("Electron Affinity: %.2f\n", elements[i].electron_affinity);
printf("Electronegativity Pauling: %.2f\n",
elements[i].electronegativity_pauling);
printf("Ionization Energies: %s\n", elements[i].ionization_energies);
printf("CPK Hex Color: %s\n", elements[i].cpk_hex);
printf("Block: %s\n", elements[i].block);
}
free(elements);
}
return 0;
}

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#include "debug.h"
#include "elementdata.c"
#include "raylib.h"
#include "sdfparse.c"
#include <complex.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types and Structures Definition
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void drawAtom(Atom atom, Model sphereModel);
void drawBond(Atom atom);
static Mesh GenMeshCustom(void);
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Program main entry point
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
// Initialization
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const int screenWidth = 1200;
const int screenHeight = 800;
// Molecule mol = parseSDF("./resources/mol.sdf");
// Molecule mol = parseSDF("./resources/methyl-vinyl-ketone.sdf");
Molecule mol = parseSDF("./resources/sildenafil.sdf");
// normalizeCoordinates(&mol, screenWidth, screenHeight);
int element_count;
Element *elements = parseCSV("resources/periodictable.csv", &element_count);
D printf("Number of atoms: %d\n", mol.num_atoms);
for (int i = 0; i < mol.num_atoms; i++) {
D printf("Atom %d: %s (%.4f, %.4f, %.4f) - neighbours: %d\n", i + 1,
mol.atoms[i].atom_type, mol.atoms[i].x, mol.atoms[i].y,
mol.atoms[i].z, mol.atoms[i].num_neighbours);
}
InitWindow(screenWidth, screenHeight, "LOL dongs");
SetTargetFPS(60); // Set desired framerate (frames-per-second)
Camera3D camera = {0};
camera.position = (Vector3){10.0f, 10.0f, 10.0f}; // Set camera position
camera.target = (Vector3){5.0f, 5.0f, 5.0f}; // Set camera target
camera.up = (Vector3){0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}; // Set camera up vector
camera.fovy = 45.0f; // Set camera field of view
// camera.projection = CAMERA_ORTHOGRAPHIC; // Camera projection
// type
camera.projection = CAMERA_PERSPECTIVE; // Camera projection type
int cameraMode = CAMERA_THIRD_PERSON;
// Model sphereModel = LoadModelFromMesh(GenMeshCustom());
Model sphereModel = LoadModelFromMesh(GenMeshSphere(1.0f, 25, 25));
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Main game loop
while (!WindowShouldClose()) // Detect window close button or ESC key
{
// Update
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
if (IsKeyPressed(KEY_ONE)) {
cameraMode = CAMERA_FREE;
camera.up = (Vector3){0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}; // Reset roll
}
if (IsKeyPressed(KEY_TWO)) {
cameraMode = CAMERA_FIRST_PERSON;
camera.up = (Vector3){0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}; // Reset roll
}
if (IsKeyPressed(KEY_THREE)) {
cameraMode = CAMERA_THIRD_PERSON;
camera.up = (Vector3){0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}; // Reset roll
}
if (IsKeyPressed(KEY_FOUR)) {
cameraMode = CAMERA_ORBITAL;
camera.up = (Vector3){0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}; // Reset roll
}
if (IsKeyPressed('Z'))
camera.target = (Vector3){0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f};
UpdateCamera(&camera, cameraMode);
// UpdateCamera(&camera, CAMERA_ORBITAL);
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Draw
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BeginDrawing();
ClearBackground(RAYWHITE);
BeginMode3D(camera);
// Draw atoms
for (int i = 0; i < mol.num_atoms; i++) {
drawAtom(mol.atoms[i], sphereModel);
drawBond(mol.atoms[i]);
}
EndMode3D();
// Print atom coordinates
DrawText("Atom Coordinates:", 20, 20, 20, DARKGRAY);
for (int i = 0; i < mol.num_atoms; i++) {
DrawText(TextFormat("Atom %d: %s (%.4f, %.4f, %.4f) neighbours: %d",
mol.atoms[i].idx, mol.atoms[i].atom_type,
mol.atoms[i].x, mol.atoms[i].y, mol.atoms[i].z,
mol.atoms[i].num_neighbours),
20, 40 + i * 10, 8, DARKGRAY);
// Convenient place to reset the bond drawn flags
mol.atoms[i].bonds_drawn = false;
}
EndDrawing();
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
// De-Initialization
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
free(elements);
UnloadModel(sphereModel);
CloseWindow(); // Close window and OpenGL context
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
void drawBond(Atom atom) {
Color bondColor = GREEN;
for (int j = 0; j < atom.num_neighbours; j++) {
if (!atom.bonds_drawn) {
if (atom.bond_orders[j] == 2) {
bondColor = BLUE;
} else if (atom.bond_orders[j] >= 3) {
bondColor = RED;
}
DrawCylinderWiresEx((Vector3){atom.x, atom.y, atom.z},
(Vector3){atom.neighbours[j]->x,
atom.neighbours[j]->y,
atom.neighbours[j]->z},
0.1f, 0.1f, 20, bondColor);
}
atom.bonds_drawn = true;
}
}
void drawAtom(Atom atom, Model sphereModel) {
Color color;
float radius;
int scalingFactor = 100;
// radius is empirical from
// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)
if (strcmp(atom.atom_type, "C") == 0) {
color = BLACK;
radius = 70.0f / scalingFactor;
} else if (strcmp(atom.atom_type, "O") == 0) {
color = RED;
radius = 60.0f / scalingFactor;
} else if (strcmp(atom.atom_type, "H") == 0) {
color = LIGHTGRAY;
radius = 25.0f / scalingFactor;
} else if (strcmp(atom.atom_type, "S") == 0) {
color = YELLOW;
radius = 100.0f / scalingFactor;
} else if (strcmp(atom.atom_type, "N") == 0) {
color = BLUE;
radius = 65.0f / scalingFactor;
} else {
color = GRAY;
radius = 25.0f / scalingFactor;
}
DrawModelWires(sphereModel, (Vector3){atom.x, atom.y, atom.z}, radius, color);
}
// Generate a simple triangle mesh from code
static Mesh GenMeshCustom(void)
{
Mesh mesh = { 0 };
mesh.triangleCount = 1;
mesh.vertexCount = mesh.triangleCount*3;
mesh.vertices = (float *)MemAlloc(mesh.vertexCount*3*sizeof(float)); // 3 vertices, 3 coordinates each (x, y, z)
mesh.texcoords = (float *)MemAlloc(mesh.vertexCount*2*sizeof(float)); // 3 vertices, 2 coordinates each (x, y)
mesh.normals = (float *)MemAlloc(mesh.vertexCount*3*sizeof(float)); // 3 vertices, 3 coordinates each (x, y, z)
// Vertex at (0, 0, 0)
mesh.vertices[0] = 0;
mesh.vertices[1] = 0;
mesh.vertices[2] = 0;
mesh.normals[0] = 0;
mesh.normals[1] = 1;
mesh.normals[2] = 0;
mesh.texcoords[0] = 0;
mesh.texcoords[1] = 0;
// Vertex at (1, 0, 2)
mesh.vertices[3] = 1;
mesh.vertices[4] = 0;
mesh.vertices[5] = 2;
mesh.normals[3] = 0;
mesh.normals[4] = 1;
mesh.normals[5] = 0;
mesh.texcoords[2] = 0.5f;
mesh.texcoords[3] = 1.0f;
// Vertex at (2, 0, 0)
mesh.vertices[6] = 2;
mesh.vertices[7] = 0;
mesh.vertices[8] = 0;
mesh.normals[6] = 0;
mesh.normals[7] = 1;
mesh.normals[8] = 0;
mesh.texcoords[4] = 1;
mesh.texcoords[5] =0;
// Upload mesh data from CPU (RAM) to GPU (VRAM) memory
UploadMesh(&mesh, false);
return mesh;
}

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#include "debug.h"
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#define MAX_ATOMS 1000
#define MAX_LINE_LENGTH 256
#define MAX_NEIGHBOURS 4
typedef struct Atom {
float x, y, z;
char atom_type[3];
int idx;
int num_neighbours;
int bond_orders[MAX_NEIGHBOURS];
struct Atom *neighbours[MAX_NEIGHBOURS];
bool bonds_drawn;
} Atom;
typedef struct Molecule {
Atom atoms[MAX_ATOMS];
int num_atoms;
} Molecule;
void addBond(Atom *atom1, Atom *atom2, int bond_order);
Molecule parseSDF(const char *filename) {
FILE *file = fopen(filename, "r");
if (!file) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error opening file %s\n", filename);
exit(1);
}
Molecule mol;
mol.num_atoms = 0;
char line[MAX_LINE_LENGTH];
while (fgets(line, MAX_LINE_LENGTH, file) != NULL) {
// break if you reach M END
if (strncmp(line, "M END", 6) == 0) {
D printf("Reached END\n");
break;
}
// continue of line contains V2000 or V3000
if (strstr(line, "V2000") || strstr(line, "V3000"))
continue;
// Parse the atoms and their coordinates
if (isdigit(line[4]) && isdigit(line[6]) && isalpha(line[31])) {
sscanf(line, "\t%f\t%f\t%f\t%s", &mol.atoms[mol.num_atoms].x,
&mol.atoms[mol.num_atoms].y, &mol.atoms[mol.num_atoms].z,
mol.atoms[mol.num_atoms].atom_type);
mol.atoms[mol.num_atoms].idx = mol.num_atoms + 1;
mol.atoms[mol.num_atoms].bonds_drawn = false;
++mol.num_atoms;
}
// Parse the connectivity info block, atom count in SDF starts at 1
if (isdigit(line[2]) && isdigit(line[20])) {
int atom_idx, neighbour_idx, bond_order;
sscanf(line, "%d %d %d", &atom_idx, &neighbour_idx, &bond_order);
D printf("idx %d, buurman %d, multipliciteit %d\n", atom_idx,
neighbour_idx, bond_order);
addBond(&mol.atoms[atom_idx - 1], &mol.atoms[neighbour_idx - 1],
bond_order);
}
}
if (fclose(file)) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error CLOSING file %s for some reason!\n", filename);
exit(1);
};
return mol;
}
void addBond(Atom *atom1, Atom *atom2, int bond_order) {
if (atom1->num_neighbours < MAX_NEIGHBOURS &&
atom2->num_neighbours < MAX_NEIGHBOURS) {
atom1->neighbours[atom1->num_neighbours] = atom2;
atom1->bond_orders[atom1->num_neighbours] = bond_order;
atom1->num_neighbours++;
atom2->neighbours[atom2->num_neighbours] = atom1;
atom2->bond_orders[atom2->num_neighbours] = bond_order;
atom2->num_neighbours++;
} else {
D printf("ERROR: MAX_NEIGHBOURS exceeded!\n");
}
}
void normalizeCoordinates(Molecule *mol, int width, int height) {
float min_x = mol->atoms[0].x, max_x = mol->atoms[0].x;
float min_y = mol->atoms[0].y, max_y = mol->atoms[0].y;
float min_z = mol->atoms[0].z, max_z = mol->atoms[0].z;
// Find min and max coords
for (int i = 1; i < mol->num_atoms; i++) {
if (mol->atoms[i].x < min_x)
min_x = mol->atoms[i].x;
if (mol->atoms[i].x > max_x)
max_x = mol->atoms[i].x;
if (mol->atoms[i].y < min_y)
min_y = mol->atoms[i].y;
if (mol->atoms[i].y > max_y)
max_y = mol->atoms[i].y;
if (mol->atoms[i].z < min_z)
min_z = mol->atoms[i].z;
if (mol->atoms[i].z > max_z)
max_z = mol->atoms[i].z;
}
// Scaling factors
float scale_x = (float)width / (max_x - min_x) / 100;
float scale_y = (float)height / (max_y - min_y) / 100;
// Yeah well there is no depth to a screen lol
float scale_z = (float)height / (max_z - min_z) / 100;
// Normalize coordinates, lets hope we never need the original coords lmao
for (int i = 0; i < mol->num_atoms; i++) {
mol->atoms[i].x = (mol->atoms[i].x - min_x) * scale_x;
mol->atoms[i].y = (mol->atoms[i].y - min_y) * scale_y;
mol->atoms[i].z = (mol->atoms[i].z - min_z) * scale_z;
}
}

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package gochem
import (
"bufio"
"fmt"
"os"
"strings"
)
const (
maxAtoms = 1000
maxNeighbours = 4
)
type Atom struct {
X, Y, Z float64
AtomType string
Idx int
Neighbours []*Atom
BondOrders []int
BondsDrawn bool
NumNeighbours int
}
type Molecule struct {
Atoms []*Atom
NumAtoms int
}
func NewAtom() *Atom {
return &Atom{
Neighbours: make([]*Atom, 0, maxNeighbours),
BondOrders: make([]int, 0, maxNeighbours),
}
}
func ParseSDF(filename string) (*Molecule, error) {
file, err := os.Open(filename)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("error opening file %s: %v", filename, err)
}
defer file.Close()
mol := &Molecule{
Atoms: make([]*Atom, 0, maxAtoms),
NumAtoms: 0,
}
scanner := bufio.NewScanner(file)
for scanner.Scan() {
line := scanner.Text()
// Stop when "M END" is reached
if strings.HasPrefix(line, "M END") {
fmt.Println("Reached END")
break
}
// Skip lines containing "V2000" or "V3000"
if strings.Contains(line, "V2000") || strings.Contains(line, "V3000") {
continue
}
// Parse atoms (coordinates and atom type)
if isAtomLine(line) {
atom := NewAtom()
fmt.Sscanf(line, "%f %f %f %s", &atom.X, &atom.Y, &atom.Z, &atom.AtomType)
atom.Idx = mol.NumAtoms + 1
mol.Atoms = append(mol.Atoms, atom)
mol.NumAtoms++
}
// Parse bond connectivity
if isBondLine(line) {
var atomIdx, neighbourIdx, bondOrder int
fmt.Sscanf(line, "%d %d %d", &atomIdx, &neighbourIdx, &bondOrder)
addBond(mol.Atoms[atomIdx-1], mol.Atoms[neighbourIdx-1], bondOrder)
}
}
if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("error reading file %s: %v", filename, err)
}
return mol, nil
}
func isAtomLine(line string) bool {
// Check that 5th and 7th characters are digits and 32nd is a letter
return len(line) > 31 && isDigit(line[4]) && isDigit(line[6]) && isAlpha(line[31])
}
func isBondLine(line string) bool {
// Check bond line pattern (digits at expected positions)
return len(line) > 20 && isDigit(line[2]) && isDigit(line[20])
}
func isDigit(b byte) bool {
return b >= '0' && b <= '9'
}
func isAlpha(b byte) bool {
return (b >= 'A' && b <= 'Z') || (b >= 'a' && b <= 'z')
}
func addBond(atom1, atom2 *Atom, bondOrder int) {
if len(atom1.Neighbours) < maxNeighbours && len(atom2.Neighbours) < maxNeighbours {
atom1.Neighbours = append(atom1.Neighbours, atom2)
atom1.BondOrders = append(atom1.BondOrders, bondOrder)
atom1.NumNeighbours++
atom2.Neighbours = append(atom2.Neighbours, atom1)
atom2.BondOrders = append(atom2.BondOrders, bondOrder)
atom2.NumNeighbours++
} else {
fmt.Println("ERROR: MAX_NEIGHBOURS exceeded!")
}
}
func NormalizeCoordinates(mol *Molecule, width, height int) {
if mol.NumAtoms == 0 {
return
}
minX, maxX := mol.Atoms[0].X, mol.Atoms[0].X
minY, maxY := mol.Atoms[0].Y, mol.Atoms[0].Y
minZ, maxZ := mol.Atoms[0].Z, mol.Atoms[0].Z
// Find min and max coordinates
for _, atom := range mol.Atoms[1:] {
if atom.X < minX {
minX = atom.X
}
if atom.X > maxX {
maxX = atom.X
}
if atom.Y < minY {
minY = atom.Y
}
if atom.Y > maxY {
maxY = atom.Y
}
if atom.Z < minZ {
minZ = atom.Z
}
if atom.Z > maxZ {
maxZ = atom.Z
}
}
// Scaling factors
scaleX := float64(width) / (maxX - minX) / 100
scaleY := float64(height) / (maxY - minY) / 100
scaleZ := float64(height) / (maxZ - minZ) / 100
// Normalize coordinates
for _, atom := range mol.Atoms {
atom.X = (atom.X - minX) * scaleX
atom.Y = (atom.Y - minY) * scaleY
atom.Z = (atom.Z - minZ) * scaleZ
}
}

36
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package main
import (
"fmt"
"os"
"log"
"gitea.boner.be/bdnugget/gochem/gochem"
)
func main() {
if len(os.Args) < 2 {
log.Fatalf("Usage: %s <path_to_molfile>", os.Args[0])
}
filePath := os.Args[1]
molecule, err := gochem.ParseSDF(filePath)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Error parsing SDF file: %v", err)
}
printMolecule(molecule)
}
func printMolecule(mol *gochem.Molecule) {
fmt.Printf("Molecule with %d atoms:\n", mol.NumAtoms)
for _, atom := range mol.Atoms {
fmt.Printf("Atom #%d: %s (%.2f, %.2f, %.2f)\n", atom.Idx, atom.AtomType, atom.X, atom.Y, atom.Z)
fmt.Printf(" Neighbours: ")
for _, neighbour := range atom.Neighbours {
fmt.Printf("%s ", neighbour.AtomType)
}
fmt.Println()
}
}

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CT1000182986
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name,appearance,atomic_mass,boil,category,density,discovered_by,melt,molar_heat,named_by,number,period,group,phase,source,bohr_model_image,bohr_model_3d,spectral_img,summary,symbol,xpos,ypos,wxpos,wypos,shells,electron_configuration,electron_configuration_semantic,electron_affinity,electronegativity_pauling,ionization_energies,cpk-hex,block,image.title,image.url,image.attribution
Hydrogen,colorless gas,1.008,20.271,diatomic nonmetal,0.08988,Henry Cavendish,13.99,28.836,Antoine Lavoisier,1,1,1,Gas,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_001_hydrogen/element_001_hydrogen_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_001_hydrogen/element_001_hydrogen.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrogen_Spectra.jpg,"Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1. With an atomic weight of 1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.",H,1,1,1,1,[1],1s1,1s1,72.769,2.2,[1312],ffffff,s,"Vial of glowing ultrapure hydrogen, H2. Original size in cm: 1 x 5",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Hydrogenglow.jpg,"User:Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/hydrogen.php"
Helium,"colorless gas, exhibiting a red-orange glow when placed in a high-voltage electric field",4.0026022,4.222,noble gas,0.1786,Pierre Janssen,0.95,,,2,1,18,Gas,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_002_helium/element_002_helium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_002_helium/element_002_helium.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helium_spectrum.jpg,"Helium is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among all the elements.",He,18,1,32,1,[2],1s2,1s2,-48.0,,"[2372.3, 5250.5]",d9ffff,s,Vial of glowing ultrapure helium. Original size in cm: 1 x 5,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Helium-glow.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/helium.php"
Lithium,silvery-white,6.94,1603.0,alkali metal,0.534,Johan August Arfwedson,453.65,24.86,,3,2,1,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_003_lithium/element_003_lithium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_003_lithium/element_003_lithium.glb,,"Lithium (from Greek:λίθος lithos, ""stone"") is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silver-white metal belonging to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.",Li,1,2,1,2,"[2, 1]",1s2 2s1,[He] 2s1,59.6326,0.98,"[520.2, 7298.1, 11815]",cc80ff,s,0.5 Grams Lithium under Argon. Original size of the largest piece in cm: 0.3 x 4,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/0.5_grams_lithium_under_argon.jpg,"Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/lithium.php"
Beryllium,white-gray metallic,9.01218315,2742.0,alkaline earth metal,1.85,Louis Nicolas Vauquelin,1560.0,16.443,,4,2,2,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_004_beryllium/element_004_beryllium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_004_beryllium/element_004_beryllium.glb,,Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is created through stellar nucleosynthesis and is a relatively rare element in the universe. It is a divalent element which occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals.,Be,2,2,2,2,"[2, 2]",1s2 2s2,[He] 2s2,-48.0,1.57,"[899.5, 1757.1, 14848.7, 21006.6]",c2ff00,s,"Pure Beryllium bead, 2.5 grams. Original size in cm: 1 x 1.5",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Beryllium_%28Be%29.jpg,"Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/beryllium.php"
Boron,black-brown,10.81,4200.0,metalloid,2.08,Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac,2349.0,11.087,,5,2,13,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_005_boron/element_005_boron_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_005_boron/element_005_boron.glb,,"Boron is a metalloid chemical element with symbol B and atomic number 5. Produced entirely by cosmic ray spallation and supernovae and not by stellar nucleosynthesis, it is a low-abundance element in both the Solar system and the Earth's crust. Boron is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally occurring compounds, the borate minerals.",B,13,2,27,2,"[2, 3]",1s2 2s2 2p1,[He] 2s2 2p1,26.989,2.04,"[800.6, 2427.1, 3659.7, 25025.8, 32826.7]",ffb5b5,p,"Pure Crystalline Boron, front and back side. Original size in cm: 2 x 3",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Boron.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/boron.php"
Carbon,,12.011,,polyatomic nonmetal,1.821,Ancient Egypt,,8.517,,6,2,14,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_006_carbon/element_006_carbon_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_006_carbon/element_006_carbon.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_Spectra.jpg,"Carbon (from Latin:carbo ""coal"") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. On the periodic table, it is the first (row 2) of six elements in column (group) 14, which have in common the composition of their outer electron shell. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds.",C,14,2,28,2,"[2, 4]",1s2 2s2 2p2,[He] 2s2 2p2,121.7763,2.55,"[1086.5, 2352.6, 4620.5, 6222.7, 37831, 47277]",909090,p,Element 6 - Carbon,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Pure_Carbon.png,"Texas Lane, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Nitrogen,"colorless gas, liquid or solid",14.007,77.355,diatomic nonmetal,1.251,Daniel Rutherford,63.15,,Jean-Antoine Chaptal,7,2,15,Gas,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_007_nitrogen/element_007_nitrogen_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_007_nitrogen/element_007_nitrogen.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nitrogen_Spectra.jpg,"Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7. It is the lightest pnictogen and at room temperature, it is a transparent, odorless diatomic gas. Nitrogen is a common element in the universe, estimated at about seventh in total abundance in the Milky Way and the Solar System.",N,15,2,29,2,"[2, 5]",1s2 2s2 2p3,[He] 2s2 2p3,-6.8,3.04,"[1402.3, 2856, 4578.1, 7475, 9444.9, 53266.6, 64360]",3050f8,p,"Vial of Glowing Ultrapure Nitrogen, N2. Original size in cm: 1 x 5",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Nitrogen-glow.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/nitrogen.php"
Oxygen,,15.999,90.188,diatomic nonmetal,1.429,Carl Wilhelm Scheele,54.36,,Antoine Lavoisier,8,2,16,Gas,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_008_oxygen/element_008_oxygen_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_008_oxygen/element_008_oxygen.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxygen_spectre.jpg,"Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with most elements. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.",O,16,2,30,2,"[2, 6]",1s2 2s2 2p4,[He] 2s2 2p4,140.976,3.44,"[1313.9, 3388.3, 5300.5, 7469.2, 10989.5, 13326.5, 71330, 84078]",ff0d0d,p,Liquid Oxygen in a Beaker,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_%28cropped_and_retouched%29.jpg,"Staff Sgt. Nika Glover, U.S. Air Force, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons"
Fluorine,,18.9984031636,85.03,diatomic nonmetal,1.696,André-Marie Ampère,53.48,,Humphry Davy,9,2,17,Gas,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_009_fluorine/element_009_fluorine_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_009_fluorine/element_009_fluorine.glb,,"Fluorine is a chemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas at standard conditions. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive:almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine.",F,17,2,31,2,"[2, 7]",1s2 2s2 2p5,[He] 2s2 2p5,328.1649,3.98,"[1681, 3374.2, 6050.4, 8407.7, 11022.7, 15164.1, 17868, 92038.1, 106434.3]",90e050,p,Liquid Fluorine at -196°C,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Fluoro_liquido_a_-196%C2%B0C_1.jpg,"Fulvio314, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Neon,colorless gas exhibiting an orange-red glow when placed in a high voltage electric field,20.17976,27.104,noble gas,0.9002,Morris Travers,24.56,,,10,2,18,Gas,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_010_neon/element_010_neon_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_010_neon/element_010_neon.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neon_spectra.jpg,"Neon is a chemical element with symbol Ne and atomic number 10. It is in group 18 (noble gases) of the periodic table. Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of air.",Ne,18,2,32,2,"[2, 8]",1s2 2s2 2p6,[He] 2s2 2p6,-116.0,,"[2080.7, 3952.3, 6122, 9371, 12177, 15238, 19999, 23069.5, 115379.5, 131432]",b3e3f5,p,Vial of Glowing Ultrapure neon. Original size in cm: 1 x 5,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Neon-glow.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/neon.php"
Sodium,silvery white metallic,22.989769282,1156.09,alkali metal,0.968,Humphry Davy,370.944,28.23,,11,3,1,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_011_sodium/element_011_sodium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_011_sodium/element_011_sodium.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sodium_Spectra.jpg,"Sodium /ˈsoʊdiəm/ is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Ancient Greek Νάτριο) and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silver-white, highly reactive metal. In the Periodic table it is in column 1 (alkali metals), and shares with the other six elements in that column that it has a single electron in its outer shell, which it readily donates, creating a positively charged atom - a cation.",Na,1,3,1,3,"[2, 8, 1]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1,[Ne] 3s1,52.867,0.93,"[495.8, 4562, 6910.3, 9543, 13354, 16613, 20117, 25496, 28932, 141362, 159076]",ab5cf2,s,Na (Sodium) Metal,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg,"The original uploader was Dnn87 at English Wikipedia., CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Magnesium,shiny grey solid,24.305,1363.0,alkaline earth metal,1.738,Joseph Black,923.0,24.869,,12,3,2,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_012_magnesium/element_012_magnesium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_012_magnesium/element_012_magnesium.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magnesium_Spectra.jpg,"Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column (Group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table:they each have the same electron configuration in their outer electron shell producing a similar crystal structure. Magnesium is the ninth most abundant element in the universe.",Mg,2,3,2,3,"[2, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2,[Ne] 3s2,-40.0,1.31,"[737.7, 1450.7, 7732.7, 10542.5, 13630, 18020, 21711, 25661, 31653, 35458, 169988, 189368]",8aff00,s,Magnesium crystals,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Magnesium_crystals.jpg,"Warut Roonguthai, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Aluminium,silvery gray metallic,26.98153857,2743.0,post-transition metal,2.7,,933.47,24.2,Humphry Davy,13,3,13,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_013_aluminum/element_013_aluminum_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_013_aluminum/element_013_aluminum.glb,,"Aluminium (or aluminum; see different endings) is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal. Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust.",Al,13,3,27,3,"[2, 8, 3]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1,[Ne] 3s2 3p1,41.762,1.61,"[577.5, 1816.7, 2744.8, 11577, 14842, 18379, 23326, 27465, 31853, 38473, 42647, 201266, 222316]",bfa6a6,p,Pure aluminium foil. Original size in cm: 5 x 5,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Aluminium.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/aluminium.php "
Silicon,"crystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces",28.085,3538.0,metalloid,2.329,Jöns Jacob Berzelius,1687.0,19.789,Thomas Thomson (chemist),14,3,14,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_014_silicon/element_014_silicon_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_014_silicon/element_014_silicon.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silicon_Spectra.jpg,"Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a tetravalent metalloid, more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table. Controversy about silicon's character dates to its discovery.",Si,14,3,28,3,"[2, 8, 4]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2,[Ne] 3s2 3p2,134.0684,1.9,"[786.5, 1577.1, 3231.6, 4355.5, 16091, 19805, 23780, 29287, 33878, 38726, 45962, 50502, 235196, 257923]",f0c8a0,p,"Chunk of Ultrapure Silicon, 2 x 2 cm",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Silicon.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/silicon.php"
Phosphorus,"colourless, waxy white, yellow, scarlet, red, violet, black",30.9737619985,,polyatomic nonmetal,1.823,Hennig Brand,,23.824,,15,3,15,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_015_phosphorus/element_015_phosphorus_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_015_phosphorus/element_015_phosphorus.glb,,"Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15. As an element, phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but due to its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. Instead phosphorus-containing minerals are almost always present in their maximally oxidised state, as inorganic phosphate rocks.",P,15,3,29,3,"[2, 8, 5]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3,[Ne] 3s2 3p3,72.037,2.19,"[1011.8, 1907, 2914.1, 4963.6, 6273.9, 21267, 25431, 29872, 35905, 40950, 46261, 54110, 59024, 271791, 296195]",ff8000,p,Purple Phosphorus,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Phosphorus-purple.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/phosphorus.php"
Sulfur,lemon yellow sintered microcrystals,32.06,717.8,polyatomic nonmetal,2.07,Ancient china,388.36,22.75,,16,3,16,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_016_sulfur/element_016_sulfur_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_016_sulfur/element_016_sulfur.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sulfur_Spectrum.jpg,"Sulfur or sulphur (see spelling differences) is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8.",S,16,3,30,3,"[2, 8, 6]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4,[Ne] 3s2 3p4,200.4101,2.58,"[999.6, 2252, 3357, 4556, 7004.3, 8495.8, 27107, 31719, 36621, 43177, 48710, 54460, 62930, 68216, 311048, 337138]",ffff30,p,Native Sulfur From Russia,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Native_sulfur_%28Vodinskoe_Deposit%3B_quarry_near_Samara%2C_Russia%29_9.jpg,"James St. John, CC BY 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Chlorine,pale yellow-green gas,35.45,239.11,diatomic nonmetal,3.2,Carl Wilhelm Scheele,171.6,,,17,3,17,Gas,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_017_chlorine/element_017_chlorine_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_017_chlorine/element_017_chlorine.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chlorine_spectrum_visible.png,Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17. It also has a relative atomic mass of 35.5. Chlorine is in the halogen group (17) and is the second lightest halogen following fluorine.,Cl,17,3,31,3,"[2, 8, 7]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5,[Ne] 3s2 3p5,348.575,3.16,"[1251.2, 2298, 3822, 5158.6, 6542, 9362, 11018, 33604, 38600, 43961, 51068, 57119, 63363, 72341, 78095, 352994, 380760]",1ff01f,p,A Sample of Chlorine,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Chlorine-sample-flip.jpg,"Benjah-bmm27, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons"
Argon,colorless gas exhibiting a lilac/violet glow when placed in a high voltage electric field,39.9481,87.302,noble gas,1.784,Lord Rayleigh,83.81,,,18,3,18,Gas,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_018_argon/element_018_argon_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_018_argon/element_018_argon.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Argon_Spectrum.png,"Argon is a chemical element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas. Argon is the third most common gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.934% (9,340 ppmv), making it over twice as abundant as the next most common atmospheric gas, water vapor (which averages about 4000 ppmv, but varies greatly), and 23 times as abundant as the next most common non-condensing atmospheric gas, carbon dioxide (400 ppmv), and more than 500 times as abundant as the next most common noble gas, neon (18 ppmv).",Ar,18,3,32,3,"[2, 8, 8]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6,[Ne] 3s2 3p6,-96.0,,"[1520.6, 2665.8, 3931, 5771, 7238, 8781, 11995, 13842, 40760, 46186, 52002, 59653, 66199, 72918, 82473, 88576, 397605, 427066]",80d1e3,p,Vial of glowing ultrapure argon. Original size in cm: 1 x 5,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Argon-glow.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/argon.php"
Potassium,silvery gray,39.09831,1032.0,alkali metal,0.862,Humphry Davy,336.7,29.6,,19,4,1,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_019_potassium/element_019_potassium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_019_potassium/element_019_potassium.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Potassium_Spectrum.jpg,"Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (derived from Neo-Latin, kalium) and atomic number 19. It was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name is derived. In the Periodic table, potassium is one of seven elements in column (group) 1 (alkali metals):they all have a single valence electron in their outer electron shell, which they readily give up to create an atom with a positive charge - a cation, and combine with anions to form salts.",K,1,4,1,4,"[2, 8, 8, 1]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1,[Ar] 4s1,48.383,0.82,"[418.8, 3052, 4420, 5877, 7975, 9590, 11343, 14944, 16963.7, 48610, 54490, 60730, 68950, 75900, 83080, 93400, 99710, 444880, 476063]",8f40d4,s,Potassium Pieces,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Potassium.JPG,"Dnn87, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Calcium,,40.0784,1757.0,alkaline earth metal,1.55,Humphry Davy,1115.0,25.929,,20,4,2,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_020_calcium/element_020_calcium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_020_calcium/element_020_calcium.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calcium_Spectrum.png,"Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. The ion Ca2+ is also the fifth-most-abundant dissolved ion in seawater by both molarity and mass, after sodium, chloride, magnesium, and sulfate.",Ca,2,4,2,4,"[2, 8, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2,[Ar] 4s2,2.37,1.0,"[589.8, 1145.4, 4912.4, 6491, 8153, 10496, 12270, 14206, 18191, 20385, 57110, 63410, 70110, 78890, 86310, 94000, 104900, 111711, 494850, 527762]",3dff00,s,"Calcium Grains, grain size about 1 mm",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Calcium.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/calcium.php"
Scandium,silvery white,44.9559085,3109.0,transition metal,2.985,Lars Fredrik Nilson,1814.0,25.52,,21,4,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_021_scandium/element_021_scandium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_021_scandium/element_021_scandium.glb,,"Scandium is a chemical element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21. A silvery-white metallic d-block element, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanoids. It was discovered in 1879 by spectral analysis of the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia.",Sc,3,4,17,4,"[2, 8, 9, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1,[Ar] 3d1 4s2,18.0,1.36,"[633.1, 1235, 2388.6, 7090.6, 8843, 10679, 13310, 15250, 17370, 21726, 24102, 66320, 73010, 80160, 89490, 97400, 105600, 117000, 124270, 547530, 582163]",e6e6e6,d,Crystal of Scandium. About 1g,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Scandium%2C_Sc.jpg,"JanDerChemiker, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Titanium,silvery grey-white metallic,47.8671,3560.0,transition metal,4.506,William Gregor,1941.0,25.06,Martin Heinrich Klaproth,22,4,4,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_022_titanium/element_022_titanium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_022_titanium/element_022_titanium.glb,,"Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density and high strength. It is highly resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia and chlorine.",Ti,4,4,18,4,"[2, 8, 10, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2,[Ar] 3d2 4s2,7.289,1.54,"[658.8, 1309.8, 2652.5, 4174.6, 9581, 11533, 13590, 16440, 18530, 20833, 25575, 28125, 76015, 83280, 90880, 100700, 109100, 117800, 129900, 137530, 602930, 639294]",bfc2c7,d,"Titanium Crystal made with the van Arkel-de Booer Process. 87 grams, Original size in cm: 2.5 x 4",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Titanium.jpg,"Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/titanium.php"
Vanadium,blue-silver-grey metal,50.94151,3680.0,transition metal,6.0,Andrés Manuel del Río,2183.0,24.89,Isotopes of vanadium,23,4,5,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_023_vanadium/element_023_vanadium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_023_vanadium/element_023_vanadium.glb,,"Vanadium is a chemical element with symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery grey, ductile and malleable transition metal. The element is found only in chemically combined form in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an oxide layer stabilizes the free metal somewhat against further oxidation.",V,5,4,19,4,"[2, 8, 11, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3,[Ar] 3d3 4s2,50.911,1.63,"[650.9, 1414, 2830, 4507, 6298.7, 12363, 14530, 16730, 19860, 22240, 24670, 29730, 32446, 86450, 94170, 102300, 112700, 121600, 130700, 143400, 151440, 661050, 699144]",a6a6ab,d,Pieces of Pure Vanadium with Oxide Layer,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Vanadium-pieces.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/vanadium.php"
Chromium,silvery metallic,51.99616,2944.0,transition metal,7.19,Louis Nicolas Vauquelin,2180.0,23.35,,24,4,6,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_024_chromium/element_024_chromium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_024_chromium/element_024_chromium.glb,,"Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard and brittle metal which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point.",Cr,6,4,20,4,"[2, 8, 13, 1]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5,[Ar] 3d5 4s1,65.21,1.66,"[652.9, 1590.6, 2987, 4743, 6702, 8744.9, 15455, 17820, 20190, 23580, 26130, 28750, 34230, 37066, 97510, 105800, 114300, 125300, 134700, 144300, 157700, 166090, 721870, 761733]",8a99c7,d,Piece of Chromium Metal,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Chromium.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/chromium.php"
Manganese,silvery metallic,54.9380443,2334.0,transition metal,7.21,Torbern Olof Bergman,1519.0,26.32,,25,4,7,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_025_manganese/element_025_manganese_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_025_manganese/element_025_manganese.glb,,"Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is not found as a free element in nature; it is often found in combination with iron, and in many minerals. Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.",Mn,7,4,21,4,"[2, 8, 13, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5,[Ar] 3d5 4s2,-50.0,1.55,"[717.3, 1509, 3248, 4940, 6990, 9220, 11500, 18770, 21400, 23960, 27590, 30330, 33150, 38880, 41987, 109480, 118100, 127100, 138600, 148500, 158600, 172500, 181380, 785450, 827067]",9c7ac7,d,Two Oieces of Manganese Metal,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Manganese_element.jpg,"W. Oelen, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Iron,lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge,55.8452,3134.0,transition metal,7.874,5000 BC,1811.0,25.1,,26,4,8,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_026_iron/element_026_iron_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_026_iron/element_026_iron.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iron_Spectrum.jpg,"Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from Latin:ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core.",Fe,8,4,22,4,"[2, 8, 14, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6,[Ar] 3d6 4s2,14.785,1.83,"[762.5, 1561.9, 2957, 5290, 7240, 9560, 12060, 14580, 22540, 25290, 28000, 31920, 34830, 37840, 44100, 47206, 122200, 131000, 140500, 152600, 163000, 173600, 188100, 195200, 851800, 895161]",e06633,d,"Fragments of an iron meteorite, about 92% iron. Original size of the single pieces in cm: 0.4 - 0.8",https://images-of-elements.com/iron-2.jpg,"Chemical ELements A Virtual Museum, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0> source: https://images-of-elements.com/iron.php"
Cobalt,hard lustrous gray metal,58.9331944,3200.0,transition metal,8.9,Georg Brandt,1768.0,24.81,,27,4,9,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_027_cobalt/element_027_cobalt_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_027_cobalt/element_027_cobalt.glb,,"Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. Like nickel, cobalt in the Earth's crust is found only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal.",Co,9,4,23,4,"[2, 8, 15, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7,[Ar] 3d7 4s2,63.898,1.88,"[760.4, 1648, 3232, 4950, 7670, 9840, 12440, 15230, 17959, 26570, 29400, 32400, 36600, 39700, 42800, 49396, 52737, 134810, 145170, 154700, 167400, 178100, 189300, 204500, 214100, 920870, 966023]",f090a0,d,"Fractions from a cobalt, 7 and 4 grams. Original size in cm: 2 x 2",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Cobalt_ore_2.jpg,"Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/cobalt.php"
Nickel,"lustrous, metallic, and silver with a gold tinge",58.69344,3003.0,transition metal,8.908,Axel Fredrik Cronstedt,1728.0,26.07,,28,4,10,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_028_nickel/element_028_nickel_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_028_nickel/element_028_nickel.glb,,Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile.,Ni,10,4,24,4,"[2, 8, 16, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8,[Ar] 3d8 4s2,111.65,1.91,"[737.1, 1753, 3395, 5300, 7339, 10400, 12800, 15600, 18600, 21670, 30970, 34000, 37100, 41500, 44800, 48100, 55101, 58570, 148700, 159000, 169400, 182700, 194000, 205600, 221400, 231490, 992718, 1039668]",50d050,d,Nickel Chunk,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Nickel_chunk.jpg,"Materialscientist at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Copper,red-orange metallic luster,63.5463,2835.0,transition metal,8.96,Middle East,1357.77,24.44,,29,4,11,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_029_copper/element_029_copper_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_029_copper/element_029_copper.glb,,"Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from Latin:cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color.",Cu,11,4,25,4,"[2, 8, 18, 1]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10,[Ar] 3d10 4s1,119.235,1.9,"[745.5, 1957.9, 3555, 5536, 7700, 9900, 13400, 16000, 19200, 22400, 25600, 35600, 38700, 42000, 46700, 50200, 53700, 61100, 64702, 163700, 174100, 184900, 198800, 210500, 222700, 239100, 249660, 1067358, 1116105]",c88033,d,Macro of Native Copper about 1 ½ inches (4 cm) in size,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg,"Native_Copper_Macro_Digon3.jpg: 'Jonathan Zander (Digon3)' derivative work: Materialscientist, CC BY-SA 2.5 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Zinc,silver-gray,65.382,1180.0,transition metal,7.14,India,692.68,25.47,,30,4,12,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_030_zinc/element_030_zinc_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_030_zinc/element_030_zinc.glb,,"Zinc, in commerce also spelter, is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element of group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium:its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2.",Zn,12,4,26,4,"[2, 8, 18, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10,[Ar] 3d10 4s2,-58.0,1.65,"[906.4, 1733.3, 3833, 5731, 7970, 10400, 12900, 16800, 19600, 23000, 26400, 29990, 40490, 43800, 47300, 52300, 55900, 59700, 67300, 71200, 179100]",7d80b0,d,"30 grams Zinc, front and back side. Original size in cm: 3",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Zinc_%2830_Zn%29.jpg,"Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/zinc.php"
Gallium,silver-white,69.7231,2673.0,post-transition metal,5.91,Lecoq de Boisbaudran,302.9146,25.86,,31,4,13,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_031_gallium/element_031_gallium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_031_gallium/element_031_gallium.glb,,"Gallium is a chemical element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Elemental gallium does not occur in free form in nature, but as the gallium(III) compounds that are in trace amounts in zinc ores and in bauxite. Gallium is a soft, silvery metal, and elemental gallium is a brittle solid at low temperatures, and melts at 29.76 °C (85.57 °F) (slightly above room temperature).",Ga,13,4,27,4,"[2, 8, 18, 3]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1,[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1,41.0,1.81,"[578.8, 1979.3, 2963, 6180]",c28f8f,p,"Solid gallium, fresh and after some time (2 months) at room temperature",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Solid_gallium_%28Ga%29.jpg,"Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/gallium.php"
Germanium,grayish-white,72.6308,3106.0,metalloid,5.323,Clemens Winkler,1211.4,23.222,,32,4,14,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_032_germanium/element_032_germanium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_032_germanium/element_032_germanium.glb,,"Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Purified germanium is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon.",Ge,14,4,28,4,"[2, 8, 18, 4]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2,[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2,118.9352,2.01,"[762, 1537.5, 3302.1, 4411, 9020]",668f8f,p,"12 Grams Polycrystalline Germanium, 2*3 cm",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/germanium.php"
Arsenic,metallic grey,74.9215956,,metalloid,5.727,Bronze Age,,24.64,,33,4,15,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_033_arsenic/element_033_arsenic_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_033_arsenic/element_033_arsenic.glb,,"Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in conjunction with sulfur and metals, and also as a pure elemental crystal. Arsenic is a metalloid.",As,15,4,29,4,"[2, 8, 18, 5]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p3,[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3,77.65,2.18,"[947, 1798, 2735, 4837, 6043, 12310]",bd80e3,p,"Ultrapure Metallic Arsenic under Argon, 1 - 2 grams. Original size of each piece in cm: 0.5 x 1",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Arsenic_%2833_As%29.jpg,"Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/arsenic.php"
Selenium,"black, red, and gray (not pictured) allotropes",78.9718,958.0,polyatomic nonmetal,4.81,Jöns Jakob Berzelius,494.0,25.363,,34,4,16,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_034_selenium/element_034_selenium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_034_selenium/element_034_selenium.glb,,"Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34. It is a nonmetal with properties that are intermediate between those of its periodic table column-adjacent chalcogen elements sulfur and tellurium. It rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature, or as pure ore compounds.",Se,16,4,30,4,"[2, 8, 18, 6]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p4,[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4,194.9587,2.55,"[941, 2045, 2973.7, 4144, 6590, 7880, 14990]",ffa100,p,"Ultrapure Black, Amorphous Selenium, 3 - 4 grams. Original size in cm: 2",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Selenium.jpg,"Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/selenium.php"
Bromine,,79.904,332.0,diatomic nonmetal,3.1028,Antoine Jérôme Balard,265.8,,,35,4,17,Liquid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_035_bromine/element_035_bromine_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_035_bromine/element_035_bromine.glb,,"Bromine (from Ancient Greek:βρῶμος, brómos, meaning ""stench"") is a chemical element with symbol Br, and atomic number 35. It is a halogen. The element was isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig and Antoine Jerome Balard, in 1825–1826.",Br,17,4,31,4,"[2, 8, 18, 7]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5,[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5,324.537,2.96,"[1139.9, 2103, 3470, 4560, 5760, 8550, 9940, 18600]",a62929,p,"99.5 % pure liquid Bromine in a 4 x 1 cm big glass ampoule, cast in acrylic",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Bromine-ampoule.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/bromine.php"
Krypton,"colorless gas, exhibiting a whitish glow in a high electric field",83.7982,119.93,noble gas,3.749,William Ramsay,115.78,,,36,4,18,Gas,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krypton,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_036_krypton/element_036_krypton_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_036_krypton/element_036_krypton.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krypton_Spectrum.jpg,"Krypton (from Greek:κρυπτός kryptos ""the hidden one"") is a chemical element with symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It is a member of group 18 (noble gases) elements. A colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere, is isolated by fractionally distilling liquefied air, and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps.",Kr,18,4,32,4,"[2, 8, 18, 8]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6,[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6,-96.0,3.0,"[1350.8, 2350.4, 3565, 5070, 6240, 7570, 10710, 12138, 22274, 25880, 29700, 33800, 37700, 43100, 47500, 52200, 57100, 61800, 75800, 80400, 85300, 90400, 96300, 101400, 111100, 116290, 282500, 296200, 311400, 326200]",5cb8d1,p,Vial of Glowing Ultrapure Krypton. Original size in cm: 1 x 5.,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Krypton-glow.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/krypton.php"
Rubidium,grey white,85.46783,961.0,alkali metal,1.532,Robert Bunsen,312.45,31.06,,37,5,1,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_037_rubidium/element_037_rubidium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_037_rubidium/element_037_rubidium.glb,,"Rubidium is a chemical element with symbol Rb and atomic number 37. Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group, with an atomic mass of 85.4678. Elemental rubidium is highly reactive, with properties similar to those of other alkali metals, such as very rapid oxidation in air.",Rb,1,5,1,5,"[2, 8, 18, 8, 1]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1,[Kr] 5s1,46.884,0.82,"[403, 2633, 3860, 5080, 6850, 8140, 9570, 13120, 14500, 26740]",702eb0,s,Rubidium Metal Sample,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Rb5.JPG,"Dnn87, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Strontium,,87.621,1650.0,alkaline earth metal,2.64,William Cruickshank (chemist),1050.0,26.4,,38,5,2,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_038_strontium/element_038_strontium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_038_strontium/element_038_strontium.glb,,"Strontium is a chemical element with symbol Sr and atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically. The metal turns yellow when it is exposed to air.",Sr,2,5,2,5,"[2, 8, 18, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2,[Kr] 5s2,5.023,0.95,"[549.5, 1064.2, 4138, 5500, 6910, 8760, 10230, 11800, 15600, 17100, 31270]",00ff00,s,Strontium Pieces under Paraffin Oil.,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Strontium-1.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/strontium.php"
Yttrium,silvery white,88.905842,3203.0,transition metal,4.472,Johan Gadolin,1799.0,26.53,,39,5,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_039_yttrium/element_039_yttrium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_039_yttrium/element_039_yttrium.glb,,"Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and it has often been classified as a ""rare earth element"". Yttrium is almost always found combined with the lanthanides in rare earth minerals and is never found in nature as a free element.",Y,3,5,17,5,"[2, 8, 18, 9, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d1,[Kr] 4d1 5s2,29.6,1.22,"[600, 1180, 1980, 5847, 7430, 8970, 11190, 12450, 14110, 18400, 19900, 36090]",94ffff,d,"6,21g Yttrium, Reinheit mindestens 99%.",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Piece_of_Yttrium.jpg,"Jan Anskeit, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Zirconium,silvery white,91.2242,4650.0,transition metal,6.52,Martin Heinrich Klaproth,2128.0,25.36,,40,5,4,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_040_zirconium/element_040_zirconium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_040_zirconium/element_040_zirconium.glb,,"Zirconium is a chemical element with symbol Zr and atomic number 40. The name of zirconium is taken from the name of the mineral zircon, the most important source of zirconium. The word zircon comes from the Persian word zargun زرگون, meaning ""gold-colored"".",Zr,4,5,18,5,"[2, 8, 18, 10, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d2,[Kr] 4d2 5s2,41.806,1.33,"[640.1, 1270, 2218, 3313, 7752, 9500]",94e0e0,d,"Two pieces of Zirconium, 1 cm each.",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Zirconium-pieces.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/zirconium.php"
Niobium,"gray metallic, bluish when oxidized",92.906372,5017.0,transition metal,8.57,Charles Hatchett,2750.0,24.6,,41,5,5,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_041_niobium/element_041_niobium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_041_niobium/element_041_niobium.glb,,"Niobium, formerly columbium, is a chemical element with symbol Nb (formerly Cb) and atomic number 41. It is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite. The name comes from Greek mythology:Niobe, daughter of Tantalus since it is so similar to tantalum.",Nb,5,5,19,5,"[2, 8, 18, 12, 1]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d4,[Kr] 4d4 5s1,88.516,1.6,"[652.1, 1380, 2416, 3700, 4877, 9847, 12100]",73c2c9,d,Niobium strips,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Niobium_strips.JPG,"Mauro Cateb, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Molybdenum,gray metallic,95.951,4912.0,transition metal,10.28,Carl Wilhelm Scheele,2896.0,24.06,,42,5,6,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_042_molybdenum/element_042_molybdenum_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_042_molybdenum/element_042_molybdenum.glb,,"Molybdenum is a chemical element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo-Latin molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek Μόλυβδος molybdos, meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lead ores. Molybdenum minerals have been known throughout history, but the element was discovered (in the sense of differentiating it as a new entity from the mineral salts of other metals) in 1778 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele.",Mo,6,5,20,5,"[2, 8, 18, 13, 1]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d5,[Kr] 4d5 5s1,72.1,2.16,"[684.3, 1560, 2618, 4480, 5257, 6640.8, 12125, 13860, 15835, 17980, 20190, 22219, 26930, 29196, 52490, 55000, 61400, 67700, 74000, 80400, 87000, 93400, 98420, 104400, 121900, 127700, 133800, 139800, 148100, 154500]",54b5b5,d,"99.9 Pure Molybdenum Crystal, about 2 x 3 cm, with anodisation color",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Molybdenum.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/molybdenum.php"
Technetium,shiny gray metal,98.0,4538.0,transition metal,11.0,Emilio Segrè,2430.0,24.27,,43,5,7,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_043_technetium/element_043_technetium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_043_technetium/element_043_technetium.glb,,"Technetium (/tɛkˈniːʃiəm/) is a chemical element with symbol Tc and atomic number 43. It is the element with the lowest atomic number in the periodic table that has no stable isotopes:every form of it is radioactive. Nearly all technetium is produced synthetically, and only minute amounts are found in nature.",Tc,7,5,21,5,"[2, 8, 18, 13, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d5,[Kr] 4d5 5s2,53.0,1.9,"[702, 1470, 2850]",3b9e9e,d,"Technetium Sample inside a sealed glass ampoule, filled with argon gas. 6x1 mm goldfoil covered with 99Tc powder (electroplated).",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg,"GFDL, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Ruthenium,silvery white metallic,101.072,4423.0,transition metal,12.45,Karl Ernst Claus,2607.0,24.06,,44,5,8,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_044_ruthenium/element_044_ruthenium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_044_ruthenium/element_044_ruthenium.glb,,"Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals.",Ru,8,5,22,5,"[2, 8, 18, 15, 1]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d7,[Kr] 4d7 5s1,100.96,2.2,"[710.2, 1620, 2747]",248f8f,d,"Ruthenium Crystal, 0.6 grams, 0.6 x 1.3 cm size",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Ruthenium_crystal.jpg,"Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/ruthenium.php"
Rhodium,silvery white metallic,102.905502,3968.0,transition metal,12.41,William Hyde Wollaston,2237.0,24.98,,45,5,9,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_045_rhodium/element_045_rhodium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_045_rhodium/element_045_rhodium.glb,,"Rhodium is a chemical element with symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is a rare, silvery-white, hard, and chemically inert transition metal. It is a member of the platinum group.",Rh,9,5,23,5,"[2, 8, 18, 16, 1]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d8,[Kr] 4d8 5s1,110.27,2.28,"[719.7, 1740, 2997]",0a7d8c,d,"Pure Rhodium Bead, 1 gram. Original size in cm: 0.5",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Rhodium_%28Rh%29.jpg,"Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/rhodium.php"
Palladium,silvery white,106.421,3236.0,transition metal,12.023,William Hyde Wollaston,1828.05,25.98,,46,5,10,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_046_palladium/element_046_palladium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_046_palladium/element_046_palladium.glb,,"Palladium is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. He named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired by her when she slew Pallas.",Pd,10,5,24,5,"[2, 8, 18, 18]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 4d10,[Kr] 4d10,54.24,2.2,"[804.4, 1870, 3177]",006985,d,"Palladium Crystal, about 1 gram. Original size in cm: 0.5 x 1",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Palladium_%2846_Pd%29.jpg,"Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/palladium.php"
Silver,lustrous white metal,107.86822,2435.0,transition metal,10.49,"unknown, before 5000 BC",1234.93,25.35,,47,5,11,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_047_silver/element_047_silver_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_047_silver/element_047_silver.glb,,"Silver is a chemical element with symbol Ag (Greek:άργυρος árguros, Latin:argentum, both from the Indo-European root *h₂erǵ- for ""grey"" or ""shining"") and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it possesses the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and reflectivity of any metal. The metal occurs naturally in its pure, free form (native silver), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite.",Ag,11,5,25,5,"[2, 8, 18, 18, 1]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d10,[Kr] 4d10 5s1,125.862,1.93,"[731, 2070, 3361]",c0c0c0,d,"Natural silver nugget, 1 cm long.",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Silver-nugget.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: http://images-of-elements.com/silver.php"
Cadmium,silvery bluish-gray metallic,112.4144,1040.0,transition metal,8.65,Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann,594.22,26.02,Isotopes of cadmium,48,5,12,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_048_cadmium/element_048_cadmium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_048_cadmium/element_048_cadmium.glb,,"Cadmium is a chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Like zinc, it prefers oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds and like mercury it shows a low melting point compared to transition metals.",Cd,12,5,26,5,"[2, 8, 18, 18, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10,[Kr] 4d10 5s2,-68.0,1.69,"[867.8, 1631.4, 3616]",ffd98f,d,48 Cd Cadmium,https://images-of-elements.com/cadmium-4.jpg,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/cadmium.php"
Indium,silvery lustrous gray,114.8181,2345.0,post-transition metal,7.31,Ferdinand Reich,429.7485,26.74,,49,5,13,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_049_indium/element_049_indium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_049_indium/element_049_indium.glb,,"Indium is a chemical element with symbol In and atomic number 49. It is a post-transition metallic element that is rare in Earth's crust. The metal is very soft, malleable and easily fusible, with a melting point higher than sodium, but lower than lithium or tin.",In,13,5,27,5,"[2, 8, 18, 18, 3]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p1,[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1,37.043,1.78,"[558.3, 1820.7, 2704, 5210]",a67573,p,1.5 x 1.5 cm liquid indium,https://images-of-elements.com/indium-2.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: http://images-of-elements.com/indium.php"
Tin,"silvery-white (beta, β) or gray (alpha, α)",118.7107,2875.0,post-transition metal,7.365,"unknown, before 3500 BC",505.08,27.112,,50,5,14,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_050_tin/element_050_tin_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_050_tin/element_050_tin.glb,,"Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (for Latin:stannum) and atomic number 50. It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both neighboring group-14 elements, germanium and lead, and has two possible oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4.",Sn,14,5,28,5,"[2, 8, 18, 18, 4]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p2,[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2,107.2984,1.96,"[708.6, 1411.8, 2943, 3930.3, 7456]",668080,p,Tin blob,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Tin-2.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: http://images-of-elements.com/tin.php"
Antimony,silvery lustrous gray,121.7601,1908.0,metalloid,6.697,"unknown, before 3000 BC",903.78,25.23,,51,5,15,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_051_antimony/element_051_antimony_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_051_antimony/element_051_antimony.glb,,"Antimony is a chemical element with symbol Sb (from Latin:stibium) and atomic number 51. A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb2S3). Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were used for cosmetics; metallic antimony was also known, but it was erroneously identified as lead upon its discovery.",Sb,15,5,29,5,"[2, 8, 18, 18, 5]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p3,[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3,101.059,2.05,"[834, 1594.9, 2440, 4260, 5400, 10400]",9e63b5,p,"Antimony crystal, 2 grams, 1 cm",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg,"Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/antimony.php"
Tellurium,,127.603,1261.0,metalloid,6.24,Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein,722.66,25.73,,52,5,16,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_052_tellurium/element_052_tellurium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_052_tellurium/element_052_tellurium.glb,,"Tellurium is a chemical element with symbol Te and atomic number 52. It is a brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid. Tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur.",Te,16,5,30,5,"[2, 8, 18, 18, 6]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p4,[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4,190.161,2.1,"[869.3, 1790, 2698, 3610, 5668, 6820, 13200]",d47a00,p,"Metallic tellurium, diameter 3.5 cm",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Tellurium2.jpg,"Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/tellurium.php"
Iodine,"lustrous metallic gray, violet as a gas",126.904473,457.4,diatomic nonmetal,4.933,Bernard Courtois,386.85,,,53,5,17,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_053_iodine/element_053_iodine_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_053_iodine/element_053_iodine.glb,,"Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is from Greek ἰοειδής ioeidēs, meaning violet or purple, due to the color of iodine vapor. Iodine and its compounds are primarily used in nutrition, and industrially in the production of acetic acid and certain polymers.",I,17,5,31,5,"[2, 8, 18, 18, 7]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5,[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5,295.1531,2.66,"[1008.4, 1845.9, 3180]",940094,p,Iodine Sample,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Iodine-sample.jpg,"Benjah-bmm27, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons"
Xenon,"colorless gas, exhibiting a blue glow when placed in a high voltage electric field",131.2936,165.051,noble gas,5.894,William Ramsay,161.4,,,54,5,18,Gas,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_054_xenon/element_054_xenon_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_054_xenon/element_054_xenon.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xenon_Spectrum.jpg,"Xenon is a chemical element with symbol Xe and atomic number 54. It is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas, that occurs in the Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts. Although generally unreactive, xenon can undergo a few chemical reactions such as the formation of xenon hexafluoroplatinate, the first noble gas compound to be synthesized.",Xe,18,5,32,5,"[2, 8, 18, 18, 8]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6,[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6,-77.0,2.6,"[1170.4, 2046.4, 3099.4]",429eb0,p,Vial of glowing ultrapure xenon. Original size in cm: 1 x 5,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Xenon-glow.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/xenon.php"
Cesium,silvery gold,132.905451966,944.0,alkali metal,1.93,Robert Bunsen,301.7,32.21,,55,6,1,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_055_cesium/element_055_cesium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_055_cesium/element_055_cesium.glb,,"Caesium or cesium is a chemical element with symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C (82 °F), which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature. Caesium is an alkali metal and has physical and chemical properties similar to those of rubidium and potassium.",Cs,1,6,1,6,"[2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s1,[Xe] 6s1,45.505,0.79,"[375.7, 2234.3, 3400]",57178f,s,Cesium/Caesium metal,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Cesium.jpg,"Dnn87 Contact email: Dnn87yahoo.dk, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Barium,,137.3277,2118.0,alkaline earth metal,3.51,Carl Wilhelm Scheele,1000.0,28.07,,56,6,2,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_056_barium/element_056_barium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_056_barium/element_056_barium.glb,,"Barium is a chemical element with symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in Group 2, a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity barium is never found in nature as a free element.",Ba,2,6,2,6,"[2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2,[Xe] 6s2,13.954,0.89,"[502.9, 965.2, 3600]",00c900,s,1.5 Grams Barium with a Grey Oxide Layer under Argon. Original size in cm: 0.7 x 1,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Barium_%2856_Ba%29.jpg,"Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/barium.php"
Lanthanum,silvery white,138.905477,3737.0,lanthanide,6.162,Carl Gustaf Mosander,1193.0,27.11,,57,6,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanum,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_057_lanthanum/element_057_lanthanum_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_057_lanthanum/element_057_lanthanum.glb,,"Lanthanum is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metallic chemical element with symbol La and atomic number 57. It tarnishes rapidly when exposed to air and is soft enough to be cut with a knife. It gave its name to the lanthanide series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and lutetium in the periodic table:it is also sometimes considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals.",La,3,9,3,6,"[2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 5d1,[Xe] 5d16s2,53.0,1.1,"[538.1, 1067, 1850.3, 4819, 5940]",70d4ff,f,1 cm Big Piece of Pure Lanthanum,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Lanthanum.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/lanthanum.php"
Cerium,silvery white,140.1161,3716.0,lanthanide,6.77,Martin Heinrich Klaproth,1068.0,26.94,,58,6,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_058_cerium/element_058_cerium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_058_cerium/element_058_cerium.glb,,"Cerium is a chemical element with symbol Ce and atomic number 58. It is a soft, silvery, ductile metal which easily oxidizes in air. Cerium was named after the dwarf planet Ceres (itself named after the Roman goddess of agriculture).",Ce,4,9,4,6,"[2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 5d1 4f1,[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2,55.0,1.12,"[534.4, 1050, 1949, 3547, 6325, 7490]",ffffc7,f,"Ultrapure Cerium under Argon, 1.5 grams. Original size in cm: 1 x 1",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Cerium2.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 1.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/cerium.php"
Praseodymium,grayish white,140.907662,3403.0,lanthanide,6.77,Carl Auer von Welsbach,1208.0,27.2,,59,6,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praseodymium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_059_praseodymium/element_059_praseodymium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_059_praseodymium/element_059_praseodymium.glb,,"Praseodymium is a chemical element with symbol Pr and atomic number 59. Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal in the lanthanide group. It is valued for its magnetic, electrical, chemical, and optical properties.",Pr,5,9,5,6,"[2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f3,[Xe] 4f3 6s2,93.0,1.13,"[527, 1020, 2086, 3761, 5551]",d9ffc7,f,"1.5 Grams Praseodymium under Argon, 0.5 cm big pieces",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Praseodymium.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/praseodymium.php"
Neodymium,silvery white,144.2423,3347.0,lanthanide,7.01,Carl Auer von Welsbach,1297.0,27.45,,60,6,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_060_neodymium/element_060_neodymium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_060_neodymium/element_060_neodymium.glb,,Neodymium is a chemical element with symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It is a soft silvery metal that tarnishes in air. Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach.,Nd,6,9,6,6,"[2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f4,[Xe] 4f4 6s2,184.87,1.14,"[533.1, 1040, 2130, 3900]",c7ffc7,f,"Ultrapure Neodymium under Argon, 5 grams. Original length of the large piece in cm: 1",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Neodymium_%2860_Nd%29.jpg,"Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/neodymium.php"
Promethium,metallic,145.0,3273.0,lanthanide,7.26,Chien Shiung Wu,1315.0,,Isotopes of promethium,61,6,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_061_promethium/element_061_promethium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_061_promethium/element_061_promethium.glb,,"Promethium, originally prometheum, is a chemical element with the symbol Pm and atomic number 61. All of its isotopes are radioactive; it is one of only two such elements that are followed in the periodic table by elements with stable forms, a distinction shared with technetium. Chemically, promethium is a lanthanide, which forms salts when combined with other elements.",Pm,7,9,7,6,"[2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f5,[Xe] 4f5 6s2,12.45,1.13,"[540, 1050, 2150, 3970]",a3ffc7,f,Photomontage of what promethium metal might look like (it is too radioactive and real images are not available),https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Promethium.jpg,"Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/promethium.php"
Samarium,silvery white,150.362,2173.0,lanthanide,7.52,Lecoq de Boisbaudran,1345.0,29.54,,62,6,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_062_samarium/element_062_samarium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_062_samarium/element_062_samarium.glb,,"Samarium is a chemical element with symbol Sm and atomic number 62. It is a moderately hard silvery metal that readily oxidizes in air. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, samarium usually assumes the oxidation state +3.",Sm,8,9,8,6,"[2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f6,[Xe] 4f6 6s2,15.63,1.17,"[544.5, 1070, 2260, 3990]",8fffc7,f,"Ultrapure Sublimated Samarium, 2 grams. Original size in cm: 0.8 x 1.5",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Samarium-2.jpg,"Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 1.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/samarium.php"
Europium,,151.9641,1802.0,lanthanide,5.264,Eugène-Anatole Demarçay,1099.0,27.66,,63,6,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_063_europium/element_063_europium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_063_europium/element_063_europium.glb,,"Europium is a chemical element with symbol Eu and atomic number 63. It was isolated in 1901 and is named after the continent of Europe. It is a moderately hard, silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water.",Eu,9,9,9,6,"[2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f7,[Xe] 4f7 6s2,11.2,1.2,"[547.1, 1085, 2404, 4120]",61ffc7,f,"Weakly Oxidized Europium, hence slightly yellowish. 1.5 grams, large piece 0.6 x 1.6 cm.",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Europium.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/europium.php"
Gadolinium,silvery white,157.253,3273.0,lanthanide,7.9,Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac,1585.0,37.03,,64,6,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_064_gadolinium/element_064_gadolinium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_064_gadolinium/element_064_gadolinium.glb,,"Gadolinium is a chemical element with symbol Gd and atomic number 64. It is a silvery-white, malleable and ductile rare-earth metal. It is found in nature only in combined (salt) form.",Gd,10,9,10,6,"[2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f7 5d1,[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2,13.22,1.2,"[593.4, 1170, 1990, 4250]",45ffc7,f,"Pure (99.95%) Amorphous Gadolinium, about 12 grams, 2 × 1.5 × 0.5 cm, cast in acrylic glass",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Gadolinium-2.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/gadolinium.php"
Terbium,silvery white,158.925352,3396.0,lanthanide,8.23,Carl Gustaf Mosander,1629.0,28.91,,65,6,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_065_terbium/element_065_terbium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_065_terbium/element_065_terbium.glb,,"Terbium is a chemical element with symbol Tb and atomic number 65. It is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Terbium is never found in nature as a free element, but it is contained in many minerals, including cerite, gadolinite, monazite, xenotime and euxenite.",Tb,11,9,11,6,"[2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9,[Xe] 4f9 6s2,112.4,1.1,"[565.8, 1110, 2114, 3839]",30ffc7,f,"Pure Terbium, 3 grams. Original size: 1 cm",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Terbium-2.jpg,"Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 1.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/terbium.php"
Dysprosium,silvery white,162.5001,2840.0,lanthanide,8.54,Lecoq de Boisbaudran,1680.0,27.7,,66,6,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysprosium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_066_dysprosium/element_066_dysprosium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_066_dysprosium/element_066_dysprosium.glb,,"Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime.",Dy,12,9,12,6,"[2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f10,[Xe] 4f10 6s2,33.96,1.22,"[573, 1130, 2200, 3990]",1fffc7,f,Pure Dysprosium Dendrites,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Dysprosium-2.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/dysprosium.php"
Holmium,silvery white,164.930332,2873.0,lanthanide,8.79,Marc Delafontaine,1734.0,27.15,,67,6,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_067_holmium/element_067_holmium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_067_holmium/element_067_holmium.glb,,"Holmium is a chemical element with symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a rare earth element. Holmium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Theodor Cleve.",Ho,13,9,13,6,"[2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f11,[Xe] 4f11 6s2,32.61,1.23,"[581, 1140, 2204, 4100]",00ff9c,f,"Ultrapure Holmium, 17 grams. Original size in cm: 1.5 x 2.5",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Holmium2.jpg,"Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 1.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/holmium.php"
Erbium,silvery white,167.2593,3141.0,lanthanide,9.066,Carl Gustaf Mosander,1802.0,28.12,,68,6,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_068_erbium/element_068_erbium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_068_erbium/element_068_erbium.glb,,"Erbium is a chemical element in the lanthanide series, with symbol Er and atomic number 68. A silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements on Earth. As such, it is a rare earth element which is associated with several other rare elements in the mineral gadolinite from Ytterby in Sweden, where yttrium, ytterbium, and terbium were discovered.",Er,14,9,14,6,"[2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f12,[Xe] 4f12 6s2,30.1,1.24,"[589.3, 1150, 2194, 4120]",00e675,f,"9.5 Gramms Pure Erbium, 2 x 2 cm",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Erbium-2.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/erbium.php"
Thulium,silvery gray,168.934222,2223.0,lanthanide,9.32,Per Teodor Cleve,1818.0,27.03,,69,6,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_069_thulium/element_069_thulium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_069_thulium/element_069_thulium.glb,,"Thulium is a chemical element with symbol Tm and atomic number 69. It is the thirteenth and antepenultimate (third-last) element in the lanthanide series. Like the other lanthanides, the most common oxidation state is +3, seen in its oxide, halides and other compounds.",Tm,15,9,15,6,"[2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f13,[Xe] 4f13 6s2,99.0,1.25,"[596.7, 1160, 2285, 4120]",00d452,f,"Ultrapure (99.997%) Crystalline Thulium, 22.3 grams, 3 × 3 × 2 cm in size",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Thulium-2.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/thulium.php"
Ytterbium,,173.0451,1469.0,lanthanide,6.9,Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac,1097.0,26.74,,70,6,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_070_ytterbium/element_070_ytterbium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_070_ytterbium/element_070_ytterbium.glb,,"Ytterbium is a chemical element with symbol Yb and atomic number 70. It is the fourteenth and penultimate element in the lanthanide series, which is the basis of the relative stability of its +2 oxidation state. However, like the other lanthanides, its most common oxidation state is +3, seen in its oxide, halides and other compounds.",Yb,16,9,16,6,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14,[Xe] 4f14 6s2,-1.93,1.1,"[603.4, 1174.8, 2417, 4203]",00bf38,f,"Ytterbium, 0.5 x 1 cm",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Ytterbium-3.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 1.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/ytterbium.php"
Lutetium,silvery white,174.96681,3675.0,lanthanide,9.841,Georges Urbain,1925.0,26.86,,71,6,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_071_lutetium/element_071_lutetium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_071_lutetium/element_071_lutetium.glb,,"Lutetium is a chemical element with symbol Lu and atomic number 71. It is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry, but not in moist air. It is considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals and the last element in the lanthanide series, and is traditionally counted among the rare earths.",Lu,17,9,17,6,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 9, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d1,[Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2,33.4,1.27,"[523.5, 1340, 2022.3, 4370, 6445]",00ab24,d,1 cm Big Piece of Pure Lutetium,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Lutetium.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/lutetium.php"
Hafnium,steel gray,178.492,4876.0,transition metal,13.31,Dirk Coster,2506.0,25.73,,72,6,4,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_072_hafnium/element_072_hafnium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_072_hafnium/element_072_hafnium.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hafnium_spectrum_visible.png,"Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, though it was not identified until 1923, making it the penultimate stable element to be discovered (rhenium was identified two years later).",Hf,4,6,18,6,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d2,[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2,17.18,1.3,"[658.5, 1440, 2250, 3216]",4dc2ff,d,"Electrolytic Hafnium, 22 grams. Original size in cm: 1 x 2 x 3",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Hafnium_%2872_Hf%29.jpg,"Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/hafnium.php"
Tantalum,gray blue,180.947882,5731.0,transition metal,16.69,Anders Gustaf Ekeberg,3290.0,25.36,,73,6,5,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_073_tantalum/element_073_tantalum_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_073_tantalum/element_073_tantalum.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tantalum_spectrum_visible.png,"Tantalum is a chemical element with symbol Ta and atomic number 73. Previously known as tantalium, its name comes from Tantalus, an antihero from Greek mythology. Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion-resistant.",Ta,5,6,19,6,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d3,[Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2,31.0,1.5,"[761, 1500]",4da6ff,d,"Piece of tantalum, 1 cm in size",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Tantalum.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/tantalum.php"
Tungsten,"grayish white, lustrous",183.841,6203.0,transition metal,19.25,Carl Wilhelm Scheele,3695.0,24.27,,74,6,6,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_074_tungsten/element_074_tungsten_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_074_tungsten/element_074_tungsten.glb,,"Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten, which directly translates to heavy stone. Its name in Swedish is volfram, however, in order to distinguish it from scheelite, which in Swedish is alternatively named tungsten.",W,6,6,20,6,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d4,[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2,78.76,2.36,"[770, 1700]",2194d6,d,"Tungsten rod with oxidised surface, 80 grams. Original size in cm: 1.3 x 3",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Tungsten_rod_with_oxidised_surface.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 1.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/tungsten.php"
Rhenium,silvery-grayish,186.2071,5869.0,transition metal,21.02,Masataka Ogawa,3459.0,25.48,Walter Noddack,75,6,7,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_075_rhenium/element_075_rhenium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_075_rhenium/element_075_rhenium.glb,,"Rhenium is a chemical element with symbol Re and atomic number 75. It is a silvery-white, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table. With an estimated average concentration of 1 part per billion (ppb), rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust.",Re,7,6,21,6,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d5,[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2,5.8273,1.9,"[760, 1260, 2510, 3640]",267dab,d,"Pure Rhenium Bead, arc melted, 21 grams. Original size in cm: 1.5 x 1.7. Measured radiation dose <0.05 μS/h.",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Pure_rhenium_bead%2C_arc_melted%2C_21_grams._Original_size_in_cm_-_1.5_x_1.7.jpg,"Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/rhenium.php"
Osmium,"silvery, blue cast",190.233,5285.0,transition metal,22.59,Smithson Tennant,3306.0,24.7,,76,6,8,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_076_osmium/element_076_osmium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_076_osmium/element_076_osmium.glb,,"Osmium (from Greek osme (ὀσμή) meaning ""smell"") is a chemical element with symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, with a density of 22.59 g/cm3.",Os,8,6,22,6,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d6,[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2,103.99,2.2,"[840, 1600]",266696,d,Pure Osmium Bead,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Osmium-bead.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/osmium.php"
Iridium,silvery white,192.2173,4403.0,transition metal,22.56,Smithson Tennant,2719.0,25.1,,77,6,9,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_077_iridium/element_077_iridium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_077_iridium/element_077_iridium.glb,,"Iridium is a chemical element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77. A very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum group, iridium is generally credited with being the second densest element (after osmium) based on measured density, although calculations involving the space lattices of the elements show that iridium is denser. It is also the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at temperatures as high as 2000 °C. Although only certain molten salts and halogens are corrosive to solid iridium, finely divided iridium dust is much more reactive and can be flammable.",Ir,9,6,23,6,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d7,[Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2,150.94,2.2,"[880, 1600]",175487,d,"Pieces of Pure Iridium, 1 gram. Original size: 0.1 - 0.3 cm each",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Iridium-2.jpg,"Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 1.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/iridium.php"
Platinum,silvery white,195.0849,4098.0,transition metal,21.45,Antonio de Ulloa,2041.4,25.86,,78,6,10,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_078_platinum/element_078_platinum_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_078_platinum/element_078_platinum.glb,,"Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, gray-white transition metal. Its name is derived from the Spanish term platina, which is literally translated into ""little silver"".",Pt,10,6,24,6,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s1 4f14 5d9,[Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1,205.041,2.28,"[870, 1791]",d0d0e0,d,Crystals of Pure Platinum grown by gas phase transport,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Platinum_crystals.jpg,"Periodictableru, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Gold,metallic yellow,196.9665695,3243.0,transition metal,19.3,Middle East,1337.33,25.418,,79,6,11,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_079_gold/element_079_gold_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_079_gold/element_079_gold.glb,,"Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from Latin:aurum) and atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element.",Au,11,6,25,6,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s1 4f14 5d10,[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1,222.747,2.54,"[890.1, 1980]",ffd123,d,Ultrapure Gold Leaf,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Gold_%2879_Au%29.jpg,"Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/gold.php"
Mercury,silvery,200.5923,629.88,transition metal,13.534,"unknown, before 2000 BCE",234.321,27.983,,80,6,12,Liquid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury (Element),https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_080_mercury/element_080_mercury_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_080_mercury/element_080_mercury.glb,,"Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum (/haɪˈdrɑːrdʒərəm/). A heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is bromine, though metals such as caesium, gallium, and rubidium melt just above room temperature.",Hg,12,6,26,6,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10,[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2,-48.0,2.0,"[1007.1, 1810, 3300]",b8b8d0,d,6 grams pure mercury. Diameter of the inner disc: 2 cm,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Hydrargyrum_%2880_Hg%29.jpg,"Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/mercury.php"
Thallium,silvery white,204.38,1746.0,post-transition metal,11.85,William Crookes,577.0,26.32,,81,6,13,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_081_thallium/element_081_thallium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_081_thallium/element_081_thallium.glb,,"Thallium is a chemical element with symbol Tl and atomic number 81. This soft gray post-transition metal is not found free in nature. When isolated, it resembles tin, but discolors when exposed to air.",Tl,13,6,27,6,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p1,[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1,36.4,1.62,"[589.4, 1971, 2878]",a6544d,p,8 grams pure thallium under argon. Original size in cm: 0.7 x 1.5,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Thallium_%2881_Tl%29.jpg,"Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/thallium.php"
Lead,metallic gray,207.21,2022.0,post-transition metal,11.34,Middle East,600.61,26.65,,82,6,14,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_(element),https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_082_lead/element_082_lead_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_082_lead/element_082_lead.glb,,"Lead (/lɛd/) is a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb (from Latin:plumbum) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable and heavy post-transition metal. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air.",Pb,14,6,28,6,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2,[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2,34.4204,1.87,"[715.6, 1450.5, 3081.5, 4083, 6640]",575961,p,Ultrapure Lead Bead from two sides. Original size in cm: 1.5 x 2,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Lead-2.jpg,"Chemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/lead.php"
Bismuth,lustrous silver,208.980401,1837.0,post-transition metal,9.78,Claude François Geoffroy,544.7,25.52,,83,6,15,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_083_bismuth/element_083_bismuth_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_083_bismuth/element_083_bismuth.glb,,"Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. Bismuth, a pentavalent post-transition metal, chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth may occur naturally, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores.",Bi,15,6,29,6,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3,[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3,90.924,2.02,"[703, 1610, 2466, 4370, 5400, 8520]",9e4fb5,p,Bismuth Crystal,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Bismuth-2.jpg,"Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/bismuth.php"
Polonium,silvery,209.0,1235.0,post-transition metal,9.196,Pierre Curie,527.0,26.4,,84,6,16,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_084_polonium/element_084_polonium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_084_polonium/element_084_polonium.glb,,"Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uranium ores. Applications of polonium are few.",Po,16,6,30,6,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4,[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4,136.0,2.0,[812.1],ab5c00,p,"This is only an illustration, not polonium itself. A silvery, radioactive metal, producing so much heat that it gets liquid and ionizes the surrounding air",https://images-of-elements.com/polonium.jpg,"Chemical ELements A Virtual Museum, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0> source: https://images-of-elements.com/polonium.php"
Astatine,"unknown, probably metallic",210.0,610.0,metalloid,6.35,Dale R. Corson,575.0,,,85,6,17,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatine,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_085_astatine/element_085_astatine_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_085_astatine/element_085_astatine.glb,,"Astatine is a very rare radioactive chemical element with the chemical symbol At and atomic number 85. It occurs on Earth as the decay product of various heavier elements. All its isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.1 hours.",At,17,6,31,6,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p5,[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5,233.0,2.2,[899.003],754f45,p,"This is only an illustration, not astatine itself. Crystals similar to iodine, but darker in color than these, which due to the extreme radioactivity glow blue and evaporate to dark purple gas",https://images-of-elements.com/astatine.jpg,"Chemical ELements A Virtual Museum, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0> source: https://images-of-elements.com/astatine.php"
Radon,"colorless gas, occasionally glows green or red in discharge tubes",222.0,211.5,noble gas,9.73,Friedrich Ernst Dorn,202.0,,,86,6,18,Gas,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_086_radon/element_086_radon_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_086_radon/element_086_radon.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radon_spectrum.png,"Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as a decay product of radium. Its most stable isotope, 222Rn, has a half-life of 3.8 days.",Rn,18,6,32,6,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6,[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6,-68.0,2.2,[1037],428296,p,"This is only an illustration, not radon itself. Radon is said to glow red in discharge tubes, although it practically is never used for this, due to its strong radioactivity.",https://images-of-elements.com/radon.jpg,"Chemical ELements A Virtual Museum, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0> source: https://images-of-elements.com/radon.php"
Francium,,223.0,950.0,alkali metal,1.87,Marguerite Perey,300.0,,,87,7,1,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_087_francium/element_087_francium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_087_francium/element_087_francium.glb,,"Francium is a chemical element with symbol Fr and atomic number 87. It used to be known as eka-caesium and actinium K. It is the second-least electronegative element, behind only caesium. Francium is a highly radioactive metal that decays into astatine, radium, and radon.",Fr,1,7,1,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s1,[Rn] 7s1,46.89,0.79,[380],420066,s,"This is only an illustration, not francium itself.",https://images-of-elements.com/francium.jpg,"Chemical ELements A Virtual Museum, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0> source: https://images-of-elements.com/francium.jpg"
Radium,silvery white metallic,226.0,2010.0,alkaline earth metal,5.5,Pierre Curie,1233.0,,,88,7,2,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_088_radium/element_088_radium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_088_radium/element_088_radium.glb,,"Radium is a chemical element with symbol Ra and atomic number 88. It is the sixth element in group 2 of the periodic table, also known as the alkaline earth metals. Pure radium is almost colorless, but it readily combines with nitrogen (rather than oxygen) on exposure to air, forming a black surface layer of radium nitride (Ra3N2).",Ra,2,7,2,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2,[Rn] 7s2,9.6485,0.9,"[509.3, 979]",007d00,s,Radium electroplated on a very small sample of copper foil and covered with polyurethane to prevent reaction with the air,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Radium226.jpg,"grenadier, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Actinium,,227.0,3500.0,actinide,10.0,Friedrich Oskar Giesel,1500.0,27.2,,89,7,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_089_actinium/element_089_actinium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_089_actinium/element_089_actinium.glb,,"Actinium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Ac (not to be confused with the abbreviation for an acetyl group) and atomic number 89, which was discovered in 1899. It was the first non-primordial radioactive element to be isolated. Polonium, radium and radon were observed before actinium, but they were not isolated until 1902.",Ac,3,10,3,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 6d1,[Rn] 6d1 7s2,33.77,1.1,"[499, 1170]",70abfa,f,Actinium-225 medical radioisotope held in a v-vial at ORNL. The blue glow comes from the ionization of surrounding air by alpha particles,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Actinium_sample_%2831481701837%29.png,"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, CC BY 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/oakridgelab/31481701837/"
Thorium,"silvery, often with black tarnish",232.03774,5061.0,actinide,11.724,Jöns Jakob Berzelius,2023.0,26.23,,90,7,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_090_thorium/element_090_thorium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_090_thorium/element_090_thorium.glb,,"Thorium is a chemical element with symbol Th and atomic number 90. A radioactive actinide metal, thorium is one of only two significantly radioactive elements that still occur naturally in large quantities as a primordial element (the other being uranium). It was discovered in 1828 by the Norwegian Reverend and amateur mineralogist Morten Thrane Esmark and identified by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius, who named it after Thor, the Norse god of thunder.",Th,4,10,4,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 6d2,[Rn] 6d2 7s2,112.72,1.3,"[587, 1110, 1930, 2780]",00baff,f,"Thorium Metal in Ampoule, corroded",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Thorium-1.jpg,"W. Oelen, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Protactinium,"bright, silvery metallic luster",231.035882,4300.0,actinide,15.37,William Crookes,1841.0,,Otto Hahn,91,7,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protactinium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_091_protactinium/element_091_protactinium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_091_protactinium/element_091_protactinium.glb,,"Protactinium is a chemical element with symbol Pa and atomic number 91. It is a dense, silvery-gray metal which readily reacts with oxygen, water vapor and inorganic acids. It forms various chemical compounds where protactinium is usually present in the oxidation state +5, but can also assume +4 and even +2 or +3 states.",Pa,5,10,5,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f2 6d1,[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2,53.03,1.5,[568],00a1ff,f,This sample of Protactinium-233 (dark circular area in the photo) was photographed in the light from its own radioactive emission (the lighter area) at the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho.,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Protactinium-233.jpg,"ENERGY.GOV, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons"
Uranium,,238.028913,4404.0,actinide,19.1,Martin Heinrich Klaproth,1405.3,27.665,,92,7,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_092_uranium/element_092_uranium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_092_uranium/element_092_uranium.glb,,"Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons.",U,6,10,6,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 21, 9, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f3 6d1,[Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2,50.94,1.38,"[597.6, 1420]",008fff,f,A biscuit of uranium metal after reduction via the Ames Process. c.1943.,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Ames_Process_uranium_biscuit.jpg,"Unknown authorUnknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons"
Neptunium,silvery metallic,237.0,4447.0,actinide,20.45,Edwin McMillan,912.0,29.46,,93,7,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_093_neptunium/element_093_neptunium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_093_neptunium/element_093_neptunium.glb,,"Neptunium is a chemical element with symbol Np and atomic number 93. A radioactive actinide metal, neptunium is the first transuranic element. Its position in the periodic table just after uranium, named after the planet Uranus, led to it being named after Neptune, the next planet beyond Uranus.",Np,7,10,7,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f4 6d1,[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2,45.85,1.36,[604.5],0080ff,f,Neptunium 237 sphere (6 kg),https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Neptunium2.jpg,"Los Alamos National Laboratory,, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons"
Plutonium,"silvery white, tarnishing to dark gray in air",244.0,3505.0,actinide,19.816,Glenn T. Seaborg,912.5,35.5,,94,7,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_094_plutonium/element_094_plutonium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_094_plutonium/element_094_plutonium.glb,,"Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94. It is an actinide metal of silvery-gray appearance that tarnishes when exposed to air, and forms a dull coating when oxidized. The element normally exhibits six allotropes and four oxidation states.",Pu,8,10,8,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f6,[Rn] 5f6 7s2,-48.33,1.28,[584.7],006bff,f,Plutonium Ring,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Plutonium_ring.jpg,"Los Alamos National Laboratory, Attribution, via Wikimedia Commons"
Americium,silvery white,243.0,2880.0,actinide,12.0,Glenn T. Seaborg,1449.0,62.7,,95,7,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_095_americium/element_095_americium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_095_americium/element_095_americium.glb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Americium_spectrum_visible.png,"Americium is a radioactive transuranic chemical element with symbol Am and atomic number 95. This member of the actinide series is located in the periodic table under the lanthanide element europium, and thus by analogy was named after the Americas. Americium was first produced in 1944 by the group of Glenn T.Seaborg from Berkeley, California, at the metallurgical laboratory of University of Chicago.",Am,9,10,9,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f7,[Rn] 5f7 7s2,9.93,1.13,[578],545cf2,f,A small disc of Am-241 under the microscope.,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Americium_microscope.jpg,"Bionerd, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons"
Curium,"silvery metallic, glows purple in the dark",247.0,3383.0,actinide,13.51,Glenn T. Seaborg,1613.0,,,96,7,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_096_curium/element_096_curium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_096_curium/element_096_curium.glb,,"Curium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This element of the actinide series was named after Marie and Pierre Curie – both were known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first intentionally produced and identified in July 1944 by the group of Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley.",Cm,10,10,10,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 9, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f7 6d1,[Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2,27.17,1.28,[581],785ce3,f,"A piece of curium, which emitts strong radiation that makes it glow",https://images-of-elements.com/s/curium-glow.jpg,"European Union, The Actinide Group, Institute for Transuranium Elements (JRC-ITU), source: https://images-of-elements.com/curium.php"
Berkelium,silvery,247.0,2900.0,actinide,14.78,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,1259.0,,,97,7,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_097_berkelium/element_097_berkelium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_097_berkelium/element_097_berkelium.glb,,"Berkelium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Bk and atomic number 97. It is a member of the actinide and transuranium element series. It is named after the city of Berkeley, California, the location of the University of California Radiation Laboratory where it was discovered in December 1949.",Bk,11,10,11,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 27, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f9,[Rn] 5f9 7s2,-165.24,1.3,[601],8a4fe3,f,"It took 250 days to make enough berkelium, shown here (in dissolved state), to synthesize element 117",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Berkelium.jpg,"ORNL, Department of Energy, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons"
Californium,silvery,251.0,1743.0,actinide,15.1,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,1173.0,,,98,7,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_098_californium/element_098_californium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_098_californium/element_098_californium.glb,,"Californium is a radioactive metallic chemical element with symbol Cf and atomic number 98. The element was first made in 1950 at the University of California Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, by bombarding curium with alpha particles (helium-4 ions). It is an actinide element, the sixth transuranium element to be synthesized, and has the second-highest atomic mass of all the elements that have been produced in amounts large enough to see with the unaided eye (after einsteinium).",Cf,12,10,12,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f10,[Rn] 5f10 7s2,-97.31,1.3,[608],a136d4,f,"A disc of californium metal (249Cf, 10 mg). The source implies that the disc has a diameter about twice the thickness of a typical pin, or on the order of 1 mm",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Californium.jpg,"United States Department of Energy (see File:Einsteinium.jpg), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons"
Einsteinium,silver-colored,252.0,1269.0,actinide,8.84,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,1133.0,,,99,7,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_099_einsteinium/element_099_einsteinium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_099_einsteinium/element_099_einsteinium.glb,,"Einsteinium is a synthetic element with symbol Es and atomic number 99. It is the seventh transuranic element, and an actinide. Einsteinium was discovered as a component of the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952, and named after Albert Einstein.",Es,13,10,13,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 29, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f11,[Rn] 5f11 7s2,-28.6,1.3,[619],b31fd4,f,"300 micrograms of Einsteinium 253, which has a half-life of 20 days.",https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Einsteinium.jpg,"Haire, R. G., US Department of Energy.Touched up by Materialscientist at en.wikipedia., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons"
Fermium,,257.0,,actinide,,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,1800.0,,,100,7,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_100_fermium/element_100_fermium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_100_fermium/element_100_fermium.glb,,"Fermium is a synthetic element with symbol Fm and atomic number 100. It is a member of the actinide series. It is the heaviest element that can be formed by neutron bombardment of lighter elements, and hence the last element that can be prepared in macroscopic quantities, although pure fermium metal has not yet been prepared.",Fm,14,10,14,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 30, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f12,[Rn] 5f12 7s2,33.96,1.3,[627],b31fba,f,Fermium was first observed in the fallout from the Ivy Mike nuclear test.,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg,"U.S. Department of Energy, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons"
Mendelevium,,258.0,,actinide,,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,1100.0,,,101,7,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelevium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_101_mendelevium/element_101_mendelevium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_101_mendelevium/element_101_mendelevium.glb,,"Mendelevium is a synthetic element with chemical symbol Md (formerly Mv) and atomic number 101. A metallic radioactive transuranic element in the actinide series, it is the first element that currently cannot be produced in macroscopic quantities through neutron bombardment of lighter elements. It is the antepenultimate actinide and the ninth transuranic element.",Md,15,10,15,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 31, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f13,[Rn] 5f13 7s2,93.91,1.3,[635],b30da6,f,"This is only an illustration, not mendelevium itself. Chemically similar to Thulium, the highly radioactive heavy metal emits very energetic α-radiation.",https://images-of-elements.com/s/mendelevium.jpg,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/mendelevium.php"
Nobelium,,259.0,,actinide,,Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,1100.0,,,102,7,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_102_nobelium/element_102_nobelium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_102_nobelium/element_102_nobelium.glb,,"Nobelium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol No and atomic number 102. It is named in honor of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite and benefactor of science. A radioactive metal, it is the tenth transuranic element and is the penultimate member of the actinide series.",No,16,10,16,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14,[Rn] 5f14 7s2,-223.22,1.3,[642],bd0d87,f,"This is only an illustration, not nobelium itself. Nobelium can only be made in very small amounts and emits strong radiation of various kinds.",https://images-of-elements.com/nobelium.jpg,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/nobelium.php"
Lawrencium,,266.0,,actinide,,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,1900.0,,,103,7,3,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrencium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_103_lawrencium/element_103_lawrencium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_103_lawrencium/element_103_lawrencium.glb,,"Lawrencium is a synthetic chemical element with chemical symbol Lr (formerly Lw) and atomic number 103. It is named in honor of Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron, a device that was used to discover many artificial radioactive elements. A radioactive metal, lawrencium is the eleventh transuranic element and is also the final member of the actinide series.",Lr,17,10,17,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 3]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 7p1,[Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1,-30.04,1.3,[470],c70066,d,"This is only an illustration, not lawrencium itself. Lawrencium can only be made in very small amounts and emits strong radiation",https://images-of-elements.com/lawrencium.jpg,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/lawrencium.php"
Rutherfordium,,267.0,5800.0,transition metal,23.2,Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,2400.0,,,104,7,4,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_104_rutherfordium/element_104_rutherfordium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_104_rutherfordium/element_104_rutherfordium.glb,,"Rutherfordium is a chemical element with symbol Rf and atomic number 104, named in honor of physicist Ernest Rutherford. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 267Rf, has a half-life of approximately 1.3 hours. In the periodic table of the elements, it is a d - block element and the second of the fourth - row transition elements.",Rf,4,7,18,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 10, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d2,[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2,,,[580],cc0059,d,"Decay traces in a spark chamber, not of rutherfordium, but of a pion. This is a completely different, unrelated particle, but the decay of rutherfordium would make streaks there, too.",https://images-of-elements.com/s/rutherfordium.jpg,"Image © CERN, Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/rutherfordium.php"
Dubnium,,268.0,,transition metal,29.3,Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,,,,105,7,5,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubnium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_105_dubnium/element_105_dubnium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_105_dubnium/element_105_dubnium.glb,,"Dubnium is a chemical element with symbol Db and atomic number 105. It is named after the town of Dubna in Russia (north of Moscow), where it was first produced. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, dubnium-268, has a half-life of approximately 28 hours.",Db,5,7,19,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d3,*[Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2,,,[],d1004f,d,No Image Found,https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/dubnium.php"
Seaborgium,,269.0,,transition metal,35.0,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,,,,106,7,6,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaborgium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_106_seaborgium/element_106_seaborgium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_106_seaborgium/element_106_seaborgium.glb,,Seaborgium is a synthetic element with symbol Sg and atomic number 106. Its most stable isotope 271Sg has a half-life of 1.9 minutes. A more recently discovered isotope 269Sg has a potentially slightly longer half-life (ca.,Sg,6,7,20,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d4,*[Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2,,,[],d90045,d,No Image Found,https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/seaborgium.php"
Bohrium,,270.0,,transition metal,37.1,Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung,,,,107,7,7,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohrium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_107_bohrium/element_107_bohrium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_107_bohrium/element_107_bohrium.glb,,"Bohrium is a chemical element with symbol Bh and atomic number 107. It is named after Danish physicist Niels Bohr. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 270Bh, has a half-life of approximately 61 seconds.",Bh,7,7,21,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d5,*[Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2,,,[],e00038,d,No Image Found,https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/bohrium.php"
Hassium,,269.0,,transition metal,40.7,Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung,126.0,,,108,7,8,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_108_hassium/element_108_hassium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_108_hassium/element_108_hassium.glb,,"Hassium is a chemical element with symbol Hs and atomic number 108, named after the German state of Hesse. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 269Hs, has a half-life of approximately 9.7 seconds, although an unconfirmed metastable state, 277mHs, may have a longer half-life of about 130 seconds. More than 100 atoms of hassium have been synthesized to date.",Hs,8,7,22,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d6,*[Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2,,,[],e6002e,d,No Image Found,https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/hassium.php"
Meitnerium,,278.0,,"unknown, probably transition metal",37.4,Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung,,,,109,7,9,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitnerium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_109_meitnerium/element_109_meitnerium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_109_meitnerium/element_109_meitnerium.glb,,"Meitnerium is a chemical element with symbol Mt and atomic number 109. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element (an element not found in nature that can be created in a laboratory). The most stable known isotope, meitnerium-278, has a half-life of 7.6 seconds.",Mt,9,7,23,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 15, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d7,*[Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2,,,[],eb0026,d,No Image Found,https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/meitnerium.php"
Darmstadtium,,281.0,,"unknown, probably transition metal",34.8,Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung,,,,110,7,10,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadtium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_110_darmstadtium/element_110_darmstadtium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_110_darmstadtium/element_110_darmstadtium.glb,,"Darmstadtium is a chemical element with symbol Ds and atomic number 110. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element. The most stable known isotope, darmstadtium-281, has a half-life of approximately 10 seconds.",Ds,10,7,24,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 16, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d8,*[Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s1,,,[],,d,No Image Found,https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/darmstadtium.php"
Roentgenium,,282.0,,"unknown, probably transition metal",28.7,Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung,,,,111,7,11,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_111_roentgenium/element_111_roentgenium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_111_roentgenium/element_111_roentgenium.glb,,"Roentgenium is a chemical element with symbol Rg and atomic number 111. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature); the most stable known isotope, roentgenium-282, has a half-life of 2.1 minutes. Roentgenium was first created in 1994 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany.",Rg,11,7,25,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d9,*[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s1,151.0,,[],,d,No Image Found,https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/roentgenium.php"
Copernicium,,285.0,3570.0,transition metal,14.0,Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung,,,,112,7,12,Liquid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_112_copernicium/element_112_copernicium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_112_copernicium/element_112_copernicium.glb,,"Copernicium is a chemical element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element that can only be created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of approximately 29 seconds, but it is possible that this copernicium isotope may have a nuclear isomer with a longer half-life, 8.9 min.",Cn,12,7,26,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10,*[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2,,,[],,d,No Image Found,https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/copernicium.php"
Nihonium,,286.0,1430.0,"unknown, probably transition metal",16.0,RIKEN,700.0,,,113,7,13,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtrium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_113_nihonium/element_113_nihonium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_113_nihonium/element_113_nihonium.glb,,"Nihonium is a chemical element with atomic number 113. It has a symbol Nh. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and is extremely radioactive; its most stable known isotope, nihonium-286, has a half-life of 20 seconds.",Nh,13,7,27,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 3]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p1,*[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1,66.6,,[],,p,No Image Found,https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/nihonium.php"
Flerovium,,289.0,420.0,post-transition metal,14.0,Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,340.0,,,114,7,14,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flerovium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_114_flerovium/element_114_flerovium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_114_flerovium/element_114_flerovium.glb,,"Flerovium is a superheavy artificial chemical element with symbol Fl and atomic number 114. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element. The element is named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where the element was discovered in 1998.",Fl,14,7,28,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 4]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p2,*[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p2,,,[],,p,No Image Found,https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/flerovium.php"
Moscovium,,289.0,1400.0,"unknown, probably post-transition metal",13.5,Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,670.0,,,115,7,15,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununpentium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_115_moscovium/element_115_moscovium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_115_moscovium/element_115_moscovium.glb,,"Moscovium is the name of a synthetic superheavy element in the periodic table that has the symbol Mc and has the atomic number 115. It is an extremely radioactive element; its most stable known isotope, moscovium-289, has a half-life of only 220 milliseconds. It is also known as eka-bismuth or simply element 115.",Mc,15,7,29,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 5]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p3,*[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3,35.3,,[],,p,No Image Found,https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/moscovium.php"
Livermorium,,293.0,1085.0,"unknown, probably post-transition metal",12.9,Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,709.0,,,116,7,16,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livermorium,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_116_livermorium/element_116_livermorium_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_116_livermorium/element_116_livermorium.glb,,"Livermorium is a synthetic superheavy element with symbol Lv and atomic number 116. It is an extremely radioactive element that has only been created in the laboratory and has not been observed in nature. The element is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States, which collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia to discover livermorium in 2000.",Lv,16,7,30,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 6]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p4,*[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4,74.9,,[],,p,No Image Found,https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/livermorium.php"
Tennessine,,294.0,883.0,"unknown, probably metalloid",7.17,Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,723.0,,,117,7,17,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessine,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_117_tennessine/element_117_tennessine_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_117_tennessine/element_117_tennessine.glb,,"Tennessine is a superheavy artificial chemical element with an atomic number of 117 and a symbol of Ts. Also known as eka-astatine or element 117, it is the second-heaviest known element and penultimate element of the 7th period of the periodic table. As of 2016, fifteen tennessine atoms have been observed:six when it was first synthesized in 2010, seven in 2012, and two in 2014.",Ts,17,7,31,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 7]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p5,*[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p5,165.9,,[],,p,No Image Found,https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/tenessine.php"
Oganesson,,294.0,350.0,"unknown, predicted to be noble gas",4.95,Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,,,,118,7,18,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oganesson,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_118_oganesson/element_118_oganesson_srp_th.png,https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_118_oganesson/element_118_oganesson.glb,,"Oganesson is IUPAC's name for the transactinide element with the atomic number 118 and element symbol Og. It is also known as eka-radon or element 118, and on the periodic table of the elements it is a p-block element and the last one of the 7th period. Oganesson is currently the only synthetic member of group 18.",Og,18,7,32,7,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6,*[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6,5.40318,,[],,p,No Image Found,https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/oganesson.php"
Ununennium,,315.0,630.0,"unknown, but predicted to be an alkali metal",3.0,GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research,,,,119,8,1,Solid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununennium,,,,"Ununennium, also known as eka-francium or simply element 119, is the hypothetical chemical element with symbol Uue and atomic number 119. Ununennium and Uue are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, until a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be an s-block element, an alkali metal, and the first element in the eighth period.",Uue,1,8,1,8,"[2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8, 1]",1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6 8s1,*[Uuo] 8s1,63.87,,[],,s,No Image Found,https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png,"Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com"
1 name appearance atomic_mass boil category density discovered_by melt molar_heat named_by number period group phase source bohr_model_image bohr_model_3d spectral_img summary symbol xpos ypos wxpos wypos shells electron_configuration electron_configuration_semantic electron_affinity electronegativity_pauling ionization_energies cpk-hex block image.title image.url image.attribution
2 Hydrogen colorless gas 1.008 20.271 diatomic nonmetal 0.08988 Henry Cavendish 13.99 28.836 Antoine Lavoisier 1 1 1 Gas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_001_hydrogen/element_001_hydrogen_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_001_hydrogen/element_001_hydrogen.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrogen_Spectra.jpg Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1. With an atomic weight of 1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass. H 1 1 1 1 [1] 1s1 1s1 72.769 2.2 [1312] ffffff s Vial of glowing ultrapure hydrogen, H2. Original size in cm: 1 x 5 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Hydrogenglow.jpg User:Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/hydrogen.php
3 Helium colorless gas, exhibiting a red-orange glow when placed in a high-voltage electric field 4.0026022 4.222 noble gas 0.1786 Pierre Janssen 0.95 2 1 18 Gas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_002_helium/element_002_helium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_002_helium/element_002_helium.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helium_spectrum.jpg Helium is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among all the elements. He 18 1 32 1 [2] 1s2 1s2 -48.0 [2372.3, 5250.5] d9ffff s Vial of glowing ultrapure helium. Original size in cm: 1 x 5 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Helium-glow.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/helium.php
4 Lithium silvery-white 6.94 1603.0 alkali metal 0.534 Johan August Arfwedson 453.65 24.86 3 2 1 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_003_lithium/element_003_lithium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_003_lithium/element_003_lithium.glb Lithium (from Greek:λίθος lithos, "stone") is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silver-white metal belonging to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. Li 1 2 1 2 [2, 1] 1s2 2s1 [He] 2s1 59.6326 0.98 [520.2, 7298.1, 11815] cc80ff s 0.5 Grams Lithium under Argon. Original size of the largest piece in cm: 0.3 x 4 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/0.5_grams_lithium_under_argon.jpg Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/lithium.php
5 Beryllium white-gray metallic 9.01218315 2742.0 alkaline earth metal 1.85 Louis Nicolas Vauquelin 1560.0 16.443 4 2 2 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_004_beryllium/element_004_beryllium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_004_beryllium/element_004_beryllium.glb Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is created through stellar nucleosynthesis and is a relatively rare element in the universe. It is a divalent element which occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals. Be 2 2 2 2 [2, 2] 1s2 2s2 [He] 2s2 -48.0 1.57 [899.5, 1757.1, 14848.7, 21006.6] c2ff00 s Pure Beryllium bead, 2.5 grams. Original size in cm: 1 x 1.5 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Beryllium_%28Be%29.jpg Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/beryllium.php
6 Boron black-brown 10.81 4200.0 metalloid 2.08 Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 2349.0 11.087 5 2 13 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_005_boron/element_005_boron_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_005_boron/element_005_boron.glb Boron is a metalloid chemical element with symbol B and atomic number 5. Produced entirely by cosmic ray spallation and supernovae and not by stellar nucleosynthesis, it is a low-abundance element in both the Solar system and the Earth's crust. Boron is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally occurring compounds, the borate minerals. B 13 2 27 2 [2, 3] 1s2 2s2 2p1 [He] 2s2 2p1 26.989 2.04 [800.6, 2427.1, 3659.7, 25025.8, 32826.7] ffb5b5 p Pure Crystalline Boron, front and back side. Original size in cm: 2 x 3 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Boron.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/boron.php
7 Carbon 12.011 polyatomic nonmetal 1.821 Ancient Egypt 8.517 6 2 14 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_006_carbon/element_006_carbon_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_006_carbon/element_006_carbon.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_Spectra.jpg Carbon (from Latin:carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. On the periodic table, it is the first (row 2) of six elements in column (group) 14, which have in common the composition of their outer electron shell. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. C 14 2 28 2 [2, 4] 1s2 2s2 2p2 [He] 2s2 2p2 121.7763 2.55 [1086.5, 2352.6, 4620.5, 6222.7, 37831, 47277] 909090 p Element 6 - Carbon https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Pure_Carbon.png Texas Lane, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
8 Nitrogen colorless gas, liquid or solid 14.007 77.355 diatomic nonmetal 1.251 Daniel Rutherford 63.15 Jean-Antoine Chaptal 7 2 15 Gas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_007_nitrogen/element_007_nitrogen_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_007_nitrogen/element_007_nitrogen.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nitrogen_Spectra.jpg Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7. It is the lightest pnictogen and at room temperature, it is a transparent, odorless diatomic gas. Nitrogen is a common element in the universe, estimated at about seventh in total abundance in the Milky Way and the Solar System. N 15 2 29 2 [2, 5] 1s2 2s2 2p3 [He] 2s2 2p3 -6.8 3.04 [1402.3, 2856, 4578.1, 7475, 9444.9, 53266.6, 64360] 3050f8 p Vial of Glowing Ultrapure Nitrogen, N2. Original size in cm: 1 x 5 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Nitrogen-glow.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/nitrogen.php
9 Oxygen 15.999 90.188 diatomic nonmetal 1.429 Carl Wilhelm Scheele 54.36 Antoine Lavoisier 8 2 16 Gas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_008_oxygen/element_008_oxygen_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_008_oxygen/element_008_oxygen.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxygen_spectre.jpg Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with most elements. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. O 16 2 30 2 [2, 6] 1s2 2s2 2p4 [He] 2s2 2p4 140.976 3.44 [1313.9, 3388.3, 5300.5, 7469.2, 10989.5, 13326.5, 71330, 84078] ff0d0d p Liquid Oxygen in a Beaker https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_%28cropped_and_retouched%29.jpg Staff Sgt. Nika Glover, U.S. Air Force, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
10 Fluorine 18.9984031636 85.03 diatomic nonmetal 1.696 André-Marie Ampère 53.48 Humphry Davy 9 2 17 Gas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_009_fluorine/element_009_fluorine_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_009_fluorine/element_009_fluorine.glb Fluorine is a chemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas at standard conditions. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive:almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine. F 17 2 31 2 [2, 7] 1s2 2s2 2p5 [He] 2s2 2p5 328.1649 3.98 [1681, 3374.2, 6050.4, 8407.7, 11022.7, 15164.1, 17868, 92038.1, 106434.3] 90e050 p Liquid Fluorine at -196°C https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Fluoro_liquido_a_-196%C2%B0C_1.jpg Fulvio314, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
11 Neon colorless gas exhibiting an orange-red glow when placed in a high voltage electric field 20.17976 27.104 noble gas 0.9002 Morris Travers 24.56 10 2 18 Gas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_010_neon/element_010_neon_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_010_neon/element_010_neon.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neon_spectra.jpg Neon is a chemical element with symbol Ne and atomic number 10. It is in group 18 (noble gases) of the periodic table. Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of air. Ne 18 2 32 2 [2, 8] 1s2 2s2 2p6 [He] 2s2 2p6 -116.0 [2080.7, 3952.3, 6122, 9371, 12177, 15238, 19999, 23069.5, 115379.5, 131432] b3e3f5 p Vial of Glowing Ultrapure neon. Original size in cm: 1 x 5 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Neon-glow.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/neon.php
12 Sodium silvery white metallic 22.989769282 1156.09 alkali metal 0.968 Humphry Davy 370.944 28.23 11 3 1 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_011_sodium/element_011_sodium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_011_sodium/element_011_sodium.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sodium_Spectra.jpg Sodium /ˈsoʊdiəm/ is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Ancient Greek Νάτριο) and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silver-white, highly reactive metal. In the Periodic table it is in column 1 (alkali metals), and shares with the other six elements in that column that it has a single electron in its outer shell, which it readily donates, creating a positively charged atom - a cation. Na 1 3 1 3 [2, 8, 1] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 [Ne] 3s1 52.867 0.93 [495.8, 4562, 6910.3, 9543, 13354, 16613, 20117, 25496, 28932, 141362, 159076] ab5cf2 s Na (Sodium) Metal https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg The original uploader was Dnn87 at English Wikipedia., CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
13 Magnesium shiny grey solid 24.305 1363.0 alkaline earth metal 1.738 Joseph Black 923.0 24.869 12 3 2 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_012_magnesium/element_012_magnesium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_012_magnesium/element_012_magnesium.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magnesium_Spectra.jpg Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column (Group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table:they each have the same electron configuration in their outer electron shell producing a similar crystal structure. Magnesium is the ninth most abundant element in the universe. Mg 2 3 2 3 [2, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 [Ne] 3s2 -40.0 1.31 [737.7, 1450.7, 7732.7, 10542.5, 13630, 18020, 21711, 25661, 31653, 35458, 169988, 189368] 8aff00 s Magnesium crystals https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Magnesium_crystals.jpg Warut Roonguthai, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
14 Aluminium silvery gray metallic 26.98153857 2743.0 post-transition metal 2.7 933.47 24.2 Humphry Davy 13 3 13 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_013_aluminum/element_013_aluminum_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_013_aluminum/element_013_aluminum.glb Aluminium (or aluminum; see different endings) is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal. Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust. Al 13 3 27 3 [2, 8, 3] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 [Ne] 3s2 3p1 41.762 1.61 [577.5, 1816.7, 2744.8, 11577, 14842, 18379, 23326, 27465, 31853, 38473, 42647, 201266, 222316] bfa6a6 p Pure aluminium foil. Original size in cm: 5 x 5 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Aluminium.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/aluminium.php
15 Silicon crystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces 28.085 3538.0 metalloid 2.329 Jöns Jacob Berzelius 1687.0 19.789 Thomas Thomson (chemist) 14 3 14 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_014_silicon/element_014_silicon_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_014_silicon/element_014_silicon.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silicon_Spectra.jpg Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a tetravalent metalloid, more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table. Controversy about silicon's character dates to its discovery. Si 14 3 28 3 [2, 8, 4] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 [Ne] 3s2 3p2 134.0684 1.9 [786.5, 1577.1, 3231.6, 4355.5, 16091, 19805, 23780, 29287, 33878, 38726, 45962, 50502, 235196, 257923] f0c8a0 p Chunk of Ultrapure Silicon, 2 x 2 cm https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Silicon.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/silicon.php
16 Phosphorus colourless, waxy white, yellow, scarlet, red, violet, black 30.9737619985 polyatomic nonmetal 1.823 Hennig Brand 23.824 15 3 15 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_015_phosphorus/element_015_phosphorus_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_015_phosphorus/element_015_phosphorus.glb Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15. As an element, phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but due to its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. Instead phosphorus-containing minerals are almost always present in their maximally oxidised state, as inorganic phosphate rocks. P 15 3 29 3 [2, 8, 5] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 [Ne] 3s2 3p3 72.037 2.19 [1011.8, 1907, 2914.1, 4963.6, 6273.9, 21267, 25431, 29872, 35905, 40950, 46261, 54110, 59024, 271791, 296195] ff8000 p Purple Phosphorus https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Phosphorus-purple.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/phosphorus.php
17 Sulfur lemon yellow sintered microcrystals 32.06 717.8 polyatomic nonmetal 2.07 Ancient china 388.36 22.75 16 3 16 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_016_sulfur/element_016_sulfur_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_016_sulfur/element_016_sulfur.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sulfur_Spectrum.jpg Sulfur or sulphur (see spelling differences) is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8. S 16 3 30 3 [2, 8, 6] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 [Ne] 3s2 3p4 200.4101 2.58 [999.6, 2252, 3357, 4556, 7004.3, 8495.8, 27107, 31719, 36621, 43177, 48710, 54460, 62930, 68216, 311048, 337138] ffff30 p Native Sulfur From Russia https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Native_sulfur_%28Vodinskoe_Deposit%3B_quarry_near_Samara%2C_Russia%29_9.jpg James St. John, CC BY 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
18 Chlorine pale yellow-green gas 35.45 239.11 diatomic nonmetal 3.2 Carl Wilhelm Scheele 171.6 17 3 17 Gas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_017_chlorine/element_017_chlorine_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_017_chlorine/element_017_chlorine.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chlorine_spectrum_visible.png Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17. It also has a relative atomic mass of 35.5. Chlorine is in the halogen group (17) and is the second lightest halogen following fluorine. Cl 17 3 31 3 [2, 8, 7] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 348.575 3.16 [1251.2, 2298, 3822, 5158.6, 6542, 9362, 11018, 33604, 38600, 43961, 51068, 57119, 63363, 72341, 78095, 352994, 380760] 1ff01f p A Sample of Chlorine https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Chlorine-sample-flip.jpg Benjah-bmm27, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
19 Argon colorless gas exhibiting a lilac/violet glow when placed in a high voltage electric field 39.9481 87.302 noble gas 1.784 Lord Rayleigh 83.81 18 3 18 Gas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_018_argon/element_018_argon_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_018_argon/element_018_argon.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Argon_Spectrum.png Argon is a chemical element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas. Argon is the third most common gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.934% (9,340 ppmv), making it over twice as abundant as the next most common atmospheric gas, water vapor (which averages about 4000 ppmv, but varies greatly), and 23 times as abundant as the next most common non-condensing atmospheric gas, carbon dioxide (400 ppmv), and more than 500 times as abundant as the next most common noble gas, neon (18 ppmv). Ar 18 3 32 3 [2, 8, 8] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 [Ne] 3s2 3p6 -96.0 [1520.6, 2665.8, 3931, 5771, 7238, 8781, 11995, 13842, 40760, 46186, 52002, 59653, 66199, 72918, 82473, 88576, 397605, 427066] 80d1e3 p Vial of glowing ultrapure argon. Original size in cm: 1 x 5 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Argon-glow.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/argon.php
20 Potassium silvery gray 39.09831 1032.0 alkali metal 0.862 Humphry Davy 336.7 29.6 19 4 1 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_019_potassium/element_019_potassium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_019_potassium/element_019_potassium.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Potassium_Spectrum.jpg Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (derived from Neo-Latin, kalium) and atomic number 19. It was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name is derived. In the Periodic table, potassium is one of seven elements in column (group) 1 (alkali metals):they all have a single valence electron in their outer electron shell, which they readily give up to create an atom with a positive charge - a cation, and combine with anions to form salts. K 1 4 1 4 [2, 8, 8, 1] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 [Ar] 4s1 48.383 0.82 [418.8, 3052, 4420, 5877, 7975, 9590, 11343, 14944, 16963.7, 48610, 54490, 60730, 68950, 75900, 83080, 93400, 99710, 444880, 476063] 8f40d4 s Potassium Pieces https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Potassium.JPG Dnn87, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
21 Calcium 40.0784 1757.0 alkaline earth metal 1.55 Humphry Davy 1115.0 25.929 20 4 2 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_020_calcium/element_020_calcium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_020_calcium/element_020_calcium.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calcium_Spectrum.png Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. The ion Ca2+ is also the fifth-most-abundant dissolved ion in seawater by both molarity and mass, after sodium, chloride, magnesium, and sulfate. Ca 2 4 2 4 [2, 8, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 [Ar] 4s2 2.37 1.0 [589.8, 1145.4, 4912.4, 6491, 8153, 10496, 12270, 14206, 18191, 20385, 57110, 63410, 70110, 78890, 86310, 94000, 104900, 111711, 494850, 527762] 3dff00 s Calcium Grains, grain size about 1 mm https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Calcium.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/calcium.php
22 Scandium silvery white 44.9559085 3109.0 transition metal 2.985 Lars Fredrik Nilson 1814.0 25.52 21 4 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_021_scandium/element_021_scandium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_021_scandium/element_021_scandium.glb Scandium is a chemical element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21. A silvery-white metallic d-block element, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanoids. It was discovered in 1879 by spectral analysis of the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia. Sc 3 4 17 4 [2, 8, 9, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1 [Ar] 3d1 4s2 18.0 1.36 [633.1, 1235, 2388.6, 7090.6, 8843, 10679, 13310, 15250, 17370, 21726, 24102, 66320, 73010, 80160, 89490, 97400, 105600, 117000, 124270, 547530, 582163] e6e6e6 d Crystal of Scandium. About 1g https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Scandium%2C_Sc.jpg JanDerChemiker, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
23 Titanium silvery grey-white metallic 47.8671 3560.0 transition metal 4.506 William Gregor 1941.0 25.06 Martin Heinrich Klaproth 22 4 4 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_022_titanium/element_022_titanium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_022_titanium/element_022_titanium.glb Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density and high strength. It is highly resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia and chlorine. Ti 4 4 18 4 [2, 8, 10, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2 [Ar] 3d2 4s2 7.289 1.54 [658.8, 1309.8, 2652.5, 4174.6, 9581, 11533, 13590, 16440, 18530, 20833, 25575, 28125, 76015, 83280, 90880, 100700, 109100, 117800, 129900, 137530, 602930, 639294] bfc2c7 d Titanium Crystal made with the van Arkel-de Booer Process. 87 grams, Original size in cm: 2.5 x 4 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Titanium.jpg Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/titanium.php
24 Vanadium blue-silver-grey metal 50.94151 3680.0 transition metal 6.0 Andrés Manuel del Río 2183.0 24.89 Isotopes of vanadium 23 4 5 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_023_vanadium/element_023_vanadium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_023_vanadium/element_023_vanadium.glb Vanadium is a chemical element with symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery grey, ductile and malleable transition metal. The element is found only in chemically combined form in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an oxide layer stabilizes the free metal somewhat against further oxidation. V 5 4 19 4 [2, 8, 11, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3 [Ar] 3d3 4s2 50.911 1.63 [650.9, 1414, 2830, 4507, 6298.7, 12363, 14530, 16730, 19860, 22240, 24670, 29730, 32446, 86450, 94170, 102300, 112700, 121600, 130700, 143400, 151440, 661050, 699144] a6a6ab d Pieces of Pure Vanadium with Oxide Layer https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Vanadium-pieces.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/vanadium.php
25 Chromium silvery metallic 51.99616 2944.0 transition metal 7.19 Louis Nicolas Vauquelin 2180.0 23.35 24 4 6 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_024_chromium/element_024_chromium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_024_chromium/element_024_chromium.glb Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard and brittle metal which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point. Cr 6 4 20 4 [2, 8, 13, 1] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 [Ar] 3d5 4s1 65.21 1.66 [652.9, 1590.6, 2987, 4743, 6702, 8744.9, 15455, 17820, 20190, 23580, 26130, 28750, 34230, 37066, 97510, 105800, 114300, 125300, 134700, 144300, 157700, 166090, 721870, 761733] 8a99c7 d Piece of Chromium Metal https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Chromium.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/chromium.php
26 Manganese silvery metallic 54.9380443 2334.0 transition metal 7.21 Torbern Olof Bergman 1519.0 26.32 25 4 7 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_025_manganese/element_025_manganese_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_025_manganese/element_025_manganese.glb Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is not found as a free element in nature; it is often found in combination with iron, and in many minerals. Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels. Mn 7 4 21 4 [2, 8, 13, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5 [Ar] 3d5 4s2 -50.0 1.55 [717.3, 1509, 3248, 4940, 6990, 9220, 11500, 18770, 21400, 23960, 27590, 30330, 33150, 38880, 41987, 109480, 118100, 127100, 138600, 148500, 158600, 172500, 181380, 785450, 827067] 9c7ac7 d Two Oieces of Manganese Metal https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Manganese_element.jpg W. Oelen, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
27 Iron lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge 55.8452 3134.0 transition metal 7.874 5000 BC 1811.0 25.1 26 4 8 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_026_iron/element_026_iron_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_026_iron/element_026_iron.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iron_Spectrum.jpg Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from Latin:ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. Fe 8 4 22 4 [2, 8, 14, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 [Ar] 3d6 4s2 14.785 1.83 [762.5, 1561.9, 2957, 5290, 7240, 9560, 12060, 14580, 22540, 25290, 28000, 31920, 34830, 37840, 44100, 47206, 122200, 131000, 140500, 152600, 163000, 173600, 188100, 195200, 851800, 895161] e06633 d Fragments of an iron meteorite, about 92% iron. Original size of the single pieces in cm: 0.4 - 0.8 https://images-of-elements.com/iron-2.jpg Chemical ELements A Virtual Museum, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0> source: https://images-of-elements.com/iron.php
28 Cobalt hard lustrous gray metal 58.9331944 3200.0 transition metal 8.9 Georg Brandt 1768.0 24.81 27 4 9 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_027_cobalt/element_027_cobalt_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_027_cobalt/element_027_cobalt.glb Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. Like nickel, cobalt in the Earth's crust is found only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal. Co 9 4 23 4 [2, 8, 15, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7 [Ar] 3d7 4s2 63.898 1.88 [760.4, 1648, 3232, 4950, 7670, 9840, 12440, 15230, 17959, 26570, 29400, 32400, 36600, 39700, 42800, 49396, 52737, 134810, 145170, 154700, 167400, 178100, 189300, 204500, 214100, 920870, 966023] f090a0 d Fractions from a cobalt, 7 and 4 grams. Original size in cm: 2 x 2 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Cobalt_ore_2.jpg Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/cobalt.php
29 Nickel lustrous, metallic, and silver with a gold tinge 58.69344 3003.0 transition metal 8.908 Axel Fredrik Cronstedt 1728.0 26.07 28 4 10 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_028_nickel/element_028_nickel_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_028_nickel/element_028_nickel.glb Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. Ni 10 4 24 4 [2, 8, 16, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8 [Ar] 3d8 4s2 111.65 1.91 [737.1, 1753, 3395, 5300, 7339, 10400, 12800, 15600, 18600, 21670, 30970, 34000, 37100, 41500, 44800, 48100, 55101, 58570, 148700, 159000, 169400, 182700, 194000, 205600, 221400, 231490, 992718, 1039668] 50d050 d Nickel Chunk https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Nickel_chunk.jpg Materialscientist at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
30 Copper red-orange metallic luster 63.5463 2835.0 transition metal 8.96 Middle East 1357.77 24.44 29 4 11 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_029_copper/element_029_copper_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_029_copper/element_029_copper.glb Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from Latin:cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color. Cu 11 4 25 4 [2, 8, 18, 1] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10 [Ar] 3d10 4s1 119.235 1.9 [745.5, 1957.9, 3555, 5536, 7700, 9900, 13400, 16000, 19200, 22400, 25600, 35600, 38700, 42000, 46700, 50200, 53700, 61100, 64702, 163700, 174100, 184900, 198800, 210500, 222700, 239100, 249660, 1067358, 1116105] c88033 d Macro of Native Copper about 1 ½ inches (4 cm) in size https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg Native_Copper_Macro_Digon3.jpg: 'Jonathan Zander (Digon3)' derivative work: Materialscientist, CC BY-SA 2.5 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5>, via Wikimedia Commons
31 Zinc silver-gray 65.382 1180.0 transition metal 7.14 India 692.68 25.47 30 4 12 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_030_zinc/element_030_zinc_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_030_zinc/element_030_zinc.glb Zinc, in commerce also spelter, is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element of group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium:its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2. Zn 12 4 26 4 [2, 8, 18, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 -58.0 1.65 [906.4, 1733.3, 3833, 5731, 7970, 10400, 12900, 16800, 19600, 23000, 26400, 29990, 40490, 43800, 47300, 52300, 55900, 59700, 67300, 71200, 179100] 7d80b0 d 30 grams Zinc, front and back side. Original size in cm: 3 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Zinc_%2830_Zn%29.jpg Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/zinc.php
32 Gallium silver-white 69.7231 2673.0 post-transition metal 5.91 Lecoq de Boisbaudran 302.9146 25.86 31 4 13 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_031_gallium/element_031_gallium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_031_gallium/element_031_gallium.glb Gallium is a chemical element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Elemental gallium does not occur in free form in nature, but as the gallium(III) compounds that are in trace amounts in zinc ores and in bauxite. Gallium is a soft, silvery metal, and elemental gallium is a brittle solid at low temperatures, and melts at 29.76 °C (85.57 °F) (slightly above room temperature). Ga 13 4 27 4 [2, 8, 18, 3] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 41.0 1.81 [578.8, 1979.3, 2963, 6180] c28f8f p Solid gallium, fresh and after some time (2 months) at room temperature https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Solid_gallium_%28Ga%29.jpg Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/gallium.php
33 Germanium grayish-white 72.6308 3106.0 metalloid 5.323 Clemens Winkler 1211.4 23.222 32 4 14 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_032_germanium/element_032_germanium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_032_germanium/element_032_germanium.glb Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Purified germanium is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon. Ge 14 4 28 4 [2, 8, 18, 4] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 118.9352 2.01 [762, 1537.5, 3302.1, 4411, 9020] 668f8f p 12 Grams Polycrystalline Germanium, 2*3 cm https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/germanium.php
34 Arsenic metallic grey 74.9215956 metalloid 5.727 Bronze Age 24.64 33 4 15 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_033_arsenic/element_033_arsenic_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_033_arsenic/element_033_arsenic.glb Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in conjunction with sulfur and metals, and also as a pure elemental crystal. Arsenic is a metalloid. As 15 4 29 4 [2, 8, 18, 5] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p3 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 77.65 2.18 [947, 1798, 2735, 4837, 6043, 12310] bd80e3 p Ultrapure Metallic Arsenic under Argon, 1 - 2 grams. Original size of each piece in cm: 0.5 x 1 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Arsenic_%2833_As%29.jpg Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/arsenic.php
35 Selenium black, red, and gray (not pictured) allotropes 78.9718 958.0 polyatomic nonmetal 4.81 Jöns Jakob Berzelius 494.0 25.363 34 4 16 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_034_selenium/element_034_selenium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_034_selenium/element_034_selenium.glb Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34. It is a nonmetal with properties that are intermediate between those of its periodic table column-adjacent chalcogen elements sulfur and tellurium. It rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature, or as pure ore compounds. Se 16 4 30 4 [2, 8, 18, 6] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p4 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 194.9587 2.55 [941, 2045, 2973.7, 4144, 6590, 7880, 14990] ffa100 p Ultrapure Black, Amorphous Selenium, 3 - 4 grams. Original size in cm: 2 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Selenium.jpg Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/selenium.php
36 Bromine 79.904 332.0 diatomic nonmetal 3.1028 Antoine Jérôme Balard 265.8 35 4 17 Liquid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_035_bromine/element_035_bromine_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_035_bromine/element_035_bromine.glb Bromine (from Ancient Greek:βρῶμος, brómos, meaning "stench") is a chemical element with symbol Br, and atomic number 35. It is a halogen. The element was isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig and Antoine Jerome Balard, in 1825–1826. Br 17 4 31 4 [2, 8, 18, 7] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 324.537 2.96 [1139.9, 2103, 3470, 4560, 5760, 8550, 9940, 18600] a62929 p 99.5 % pure liquid Bromine in a 4 x 1 cm big glass ampoule, cast in acrylic https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Bromine-ampoule.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/bromine.php
37 Krypton colorless gas, exhibiting a whitish glow in a high electric field 83.7982 119.93 noble gas 3.749 William Ramsay 115.78 36 4 18 Gas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krypton https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_036_krypton/element_036_krypton_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_036_krypton/element_036_krypton.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krypton_Spectrum.jpg Krypton (from Greek:κρυπτός kryptos "the hidden one") is a chemical element with symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It is a member of group 18 (noble gases) elements. A colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere, is isolated by fractionally distilling liquefied air, and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps. Kr 18 4 32 4 [2, 8, 18, 8] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 -96.0 3.0 [1350.8, 2350.4, 3565, 5070, 6240, 7570, 10710, 12138, 22274, 25880, 29700, 33800, 37700, 43100, 47500, 52200, 57100, 61800, 75800, 80400, 85300, 90400, 96300, 101400, 111100, 116290, 282500, 296200, 311400, 326200] 5cb8d1 p Vial of Glowing Ultrapure Krypton. Original size in cm: 1 x 5. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Krypton-glow.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/krypton.php
38 Rubidium grey white 85.46783 961.0 alkali metal 1.532 Robert Bunsen 312.45 31.06 37 5 1 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_037_rubidium/element_037_rubidium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_037_rubidium/element_037_rubidium.glb Rubidium is a chemical element with symbol Rb and atomic number 37. Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group, with an atomic mass of 85.4678. Elemental rubidium is highly reactive, with properties similar to those of other alkali metals, such as very rapid oxidation in air. Rb 1 5 1 5 [2, 8, 18, 8, 1] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 [Kr] 5s1 46.884 0.82 [403, 2633, 3860, 5080, 6850, 8140, 9570, 13120, 14500, 26740] 702eb0 s Rubidium Metal Sample https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Rb5.JPG Dnn87, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
39 Strontium 87.621 1650.0 alkaline earth metal 2.64 William Cruickshank (chemist) 1050.0 26.4 38 5 2 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_038_strontium/element_038_strontium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_038_strontium/element_038_strontium.glb Strontium is a chemical element with symbol Sr and atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically. The metal turns yellow when it is exposed to air. Sr 2 5 2 5 [2, 8, 18, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 [Kr] 5s2 5.023 0.95 [549.5, 1064.2, 4138, 5500, 6910, 8760, 10230, 11800, 15600, 17100, 31270] 00ff00 s Strontium Pieces under Paraffin Oil. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Strontium-1.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/strontium.php
40 Yttrium silvery white 88.905842 3203.0 transition metal 4.472 Johan Gadolin 1799.0 26.53 39 5 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_039_yttrium/element_039_yttrium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_039_yttrium/element_039_yttrium.glb Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and it has often been classified as a "rare earth element". Yttrium is almost always found combined with the lanthanides in rare earth minerals and is never found in nature as a free element. Y 3 5 17 5 [2, 8, 18, 9, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d1 [Kr] 4d1 5s2 29.6 1.22 [600, 1180, 1980, 5847, 7430, 8970, 11190, 12450, 14110, 18400, 19900, 36090] 94ffff d 6,21g Yttrium, Reinheit mindestens 99%. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Piece_of_Yttrium.jpg Jan Anskeit, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
41 Zirconium silvery white 91.2242 4650.0 transition metal 6.52 Martin Heinrich Klaproth 2128.0 25.36 40 5 4 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_040_zirconium/element_040_zirconium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_040_zirconium/element_040_zirconium.glb Zirconium is a chemical element with symbol Zr and atomic number 40. The name of zirconium is taken from the name of the mineral zircon, the most important source of zirconium. The word zircon comes from the Persian word zargun زرگون, meaning "gold-colored". Zr 4 5 18 5 [2, 8, 18, 10, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d2 [Kr] 4d2 5s2 41.806 1.33 [640.1, 1270, 2218, 3313, 7752, 9500] 94e0e0 d Two pieces of Zirconium, 1 cm each. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Zirconium-pieces.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/zirconium.php
42 Niobium gray metallic, bluish when oxidized 92.906372 5017.0 transition metal 8.57 Charles Hatchett 2750.0 24.6 41 5 5 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_041_niobium/element_041_niobium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_041_niobium/element_041_niobium.glb Niobium, formerly columbium, is a chemical element with symbol Nb (formerly Cb) and atomic number 41. It is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite. The name comes from Greek mythology:Niobe, daughter of Tantalus since it is so similar to tantalum. Nb 5 5 19 5 [2, 8, 18, 12, 1] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d4 [Kr] 4d4 5s1 88.516 1.6 [652.1, 1380, 2416, 3700, 4877, 9847, 12100] 73c2c9 d Niobium strips https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Niobium_strips.JPG Mauro Cateb, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
43 Molybdenum gray metallic 95.951 4912.0 transition metal 10.28 Carl Wilhelm Scheele 2896.0 24.06 42 5 6 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_042_molybdenum/element_042_molybdenum_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_042_molybdenum/element_042_molybdenum.glb Molybdenum is a chemical element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo-Latin molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek Μόλυβδος molybdos, meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lead ores. Molybdenum minerals have been known throughout history, but the element was discovered (in the sense of differentiating it as a new entity from the mineral salts of other metals) in 1778 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele. Mo 6 5 20 5 [2, 8, 18, 13, 1] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d5 [Kr] 4d5 5s1 72.1 2.16 [684.3, 1560, 2618, 4480, 5257, 6640.8, 12125, 13860, 15835, 17980, 20190, 22219, 26930, 29196, 52490, 55000, 61400, 67700, 74000, 80400, 87000, 93400, 98420, 104400, 121900, 127700, 133800, 139800, 148100, 154500] 54b5b5 d 99.9 Pure Molybdenum Crystal, about 2 x 3 cm, with anodisation color https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Molybdenum.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/molybdenum.php
44 Technetium shiny gray metal 98.0 4538.0 transition metal 11.0 Emilio Segrè 2430.0 24.27 43 5 7 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_043_technetium/element_043_technetium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_043_technetium/element_043_technetium.glb Technetium (/tɛkˈniːʃiəm/) is a chemical element with symbol Tc and atomic number 43. It is the element with the lowest atomic number in the periodic table that has no stable isotopes:every form of it is radioactive. Nearly all technetium is produced synthetically, and only minute amounts are found in nature. Tc 7 5 21 5 [2, 8, 18, 13, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d5 [Kr] 4d5 5s2 53.0 1.9 [702, 1470, 2850] 3b9e9e d Technetium Sample inside a sealed glass ampoule, filled with argon gas. 6x1 mm goldfoil covered with 99Tc powder (electroplated). https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg GFDL, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
45 Ruthenium silvery white metallic 101.072 4423.0 transition metal 12.45 Karl Ernst Claus 2607.0 24.06 44 5 8 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_044_ruthenium/element_044_ruthenium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_044_ruthenium/element_044_ruthenium.glb Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. Ru 8 5 22 5 [2, 8, 18, 15, 1] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d7 [Kr] 4d7 5s1 100.96 2.2 [710.2, 1620, 2747] 248f8f d Ruthenium Crystal, 0.6 grams, 0.6 x 1.3 cm size https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Ruthenium_crystal.jpg Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/ruthenium.php
46 Rhodium silvery white metallic 102.905502 3968.0 transition metal 12.41 William Hyde Wollaston 2237.0 24.98 45 5 9 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_045_rhodium/element_045_rhodium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_045_rhodium/element_045_rhodium.glb Rhodium is a chemical element with symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is a rare, silvery-white, hard, and chemically inert transition metal. It is a member of the platinum group. Rh 9 5 23 5 [2, 8, 18, 16, 1] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d8 [Kr] 4d8 5s1 110.27 2.28 [719.7, 1740, 2997] 0a7d8c d Pure Rhodium Bead, 1 gram. Original size in cm: 0.5 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Rhodium_%28Rh%29.jpg Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/rhodium.php
47 Palladium silvery white 106.421 3236.0 transition metal 12.023 William Hyde Wollaston 1828.05 25.98 46 5 10 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_046_palladium/element_046_palladium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_046_palladium/element_046_palladium.glb Palladium is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. He named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired by her when she slew Pallas. Pd 10 5 24 5 [2, 8, 18, 18] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 4d10 [Kr] 4d10 54.24 2.2 [804.4, 1870, 3177] 006985 d Palladium Crystal, about 1 gram. Original size in cm: 0.5 x 1 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Palladium_%2846_Pd%29.jpg Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/palladium.php
48 Silver lustrous white metal 107.86822 2435.0 transition metal 10.49 unknown, before 5000 BC 1234.93 25.35 47 5 11 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_047_silver/element_047_silver_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_047_silver/element_047_silver.glb Silver is a chemical element with symbol Ag (Greek:άργυρος árguros, Latin:argentum, both from the Indo-European root *h₂erǵ- for "grey" or "shining") and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it possesses the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and reflectivity of any metal. The metal occurs naturally in its pure, free form (native silver), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Ag 11 5 25 5 [2, 8, 18, 18, 1] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d10 [Kr] 4d10 5s1 125.862 1.93 [731, 2070, 3361] c0c0c0 d Natural silver nugget, 1 cm long. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Silver-nugget.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: http://images-of-elements.com/silver.php
49 Cadmium silvery bluish-gray metallic 112.4144 1040.0 transition metal 8.65 Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann 594.22 26.02 Isotopes of cadmium 48 5 12 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_048_cadmium/element_048_cadmium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_048_cadmium/element_048_cadmium.glb Cadmium is a chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Like zinc, it prefers oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds and like mercury it shows a low melting point compared to transition metals. Cd 12 5 26 5 [2, 8, 18, 18, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 -68.0 1.69 [867.8, 1631.4, 3616] ffd98f d 48 Cd Cadmium https://images-of-elements.com/cadmium-4.jpg Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/cadmium.php
50 Indium silvery lustrous gray 114.8181 2345.0 post-transition metal 7.31 Ferdinand Reich 429.7485 26.74 49 5 13 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_049_indium/element_049_indium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_049_indium/element_049_indium.glb Indium is a chemical element with symbol In and atomic number 49. It is a post-transition metallic element that is rare in Earth's crust. The metal is very soft, malleable and easily fusible, with a melting point higher than sodium, but lower than lithium or tin. In 13 5 27 5 [2, 8, 18, 18, 3] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p1 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1 37.043 1.78 [558.3, 1820.7, 2704, 5210] a67573 p 1.5 x 1.5 cm liquid indium https://images-of-elements.com/indium-2.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: http://images-of-elements.com/indium.php
51 Tin silvery-white (beta, β) or gray (alpha, α) 118.7107 2875.0 post-transition metal 7.365 unknown, before 3500 BC 505.08 27.112 50 5 14 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_050_tin/element_050_tin_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_050_tin/element_050_tin.glb Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (for Latin:stannum) and atomic number 50. It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both neighboring group-14 elements, germanium and lead, and has two possible oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Sn 14 5 28 5 [2, 8, 18, 18, 4] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 107.2984 1.96 [708.6, 1411.8, 2943, 3930.3, 7456] 668080 p Tin blob https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Tin-2.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: http://images-of-elements.com/tin.php
52 Antimony silvery lustrous gray 121.7601 1908.0 metalloid 6.697 unknown, before 3000 BC 903.78 25.23 51 5 15 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_051_antimony/element_051_antimony_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_051_antimony/element_051_antimony.glb Antimony is a chemical element with symbol Sb (from Latin:stibium) and atomic number 51. A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb2S3). Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were used for cosmetics; metallic antimony was also known, but it was erroneously identified as lead upon its discovery. Sb 15 5 29 5 [2, 8, 18, 18, 5] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p3 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 101.059 2.05 [834, 1594.9, 2440, 4260, 5400, 10400] 9e63b5 p Antimony crystal, 2 grams, 1 cm https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/antimony.php
53 Tellurium 127.603 1261.0 metalloid 6.24 Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein 722.66 25.73 52 5 16 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_052_tellurium/element_052_tellurium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_052_tellurium/element_052_tellurium.glb Tellurium is a chemical element with symbol Te and atomic number 52. It is a brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid. Tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur. Te 16 5 30 5 [2, 8, 18, 18, 6] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p4 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 190.161 2.1 [869.3, 1790, 2698, 3610, 5668, 6820, 13200] d47a00 p Metallic tellurium, diameter 3.5 cm https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Tellurium2.jpg Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/tellurium.php
54 Iodine lustrous metallic gray, violet as a gas 126.904473 457.4 diatomic nonmetal 4.933 Bernard Courtois 386.85 53 5 17 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_053_iodine/element_053_iodine_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_053_iodine/element_053_iodine.glb Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is from Greek ἰοειδής ioeidēs, meaning violet or purple, due to the color of iodine vapor. Iodine and its compounds are primarily used in nutrition, and industrially in the production of acetic acid and certain polymers. I 17 5 31 5 [2, 8, 18, 18, 7] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 295.1531 2.66 [1008.4, 1845.9, 3180] 940094 p Iodine Sample https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Iodine-sample.jpg Benjah-bmm27, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
55 Xenon colorless gas, exhibiting a blue glow when placed in a high voltage electric field 131.2936 165.051 noble gas 5.894 William Ramsay 161.4 54 5 18 Gas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_054_xenon/element_054_xenon_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_054_xenon/element_054_xenon.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xenon_Spectrum.jpg Xenon is a chemical element with symbol Xe and atomic number 54. It is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas, that occurs in the Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts. Although generally unreactive, xenon can undergo a few chemical reactions such as the formation of xenon hexafluoroplatinate, the first noble gas compound to be synthesized. Xe 18 5 32 5 [2, 8, 18, 18, 8] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6 -77.0 2.6 [1170.4, 2046.4, 3099.4] 429eb0 p Vial of glowing ultrapure xenon. Original size in cm: 1 x 5 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Xenon-glow.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/xenon.php
56 Cesium silvery gold 132.905451966 944.0 alkali metal 1.93 Robert Bunsen 301.7 32.21 55 6 1 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_055_cesium/element_055_cesium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_055_cesium/element_055_cesium.glb Caesium or cesium is a chemical element with symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C (82 °F), which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature. Caesium is an alkali metal and has physical and chemical properties similar to those of rubidium and potassium. Cs 1 6 1 6 [2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s1 [Xe] 6s1 45.505 0.79 [375.7, 2234.3, 3400] 57178f s Cesium/Caesium metal https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Cesium.jpg Dnn87 Contact email: Dnn87yahoo.dk, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
57 Barium 137.3277 2118.0 alkaline earth metal 3.51 Carl Wilhelm Scheele 1000.0 28.07 56 6 2 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_056_barium/element_056_barium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_056_barium/element_056_barium.glb Barium is a chemical element with symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in Group 2, a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity barium is never found in nature as a free element. Ba 2 6 2 6 [2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 [Xe] 6s2 13.954 0.89 [502.9, 965.2, 3600] 00c900 s 1.5 Grams Barium with a Grey Oxide Layer under Argon. Original size in cm: 0.7 x 1 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Barium_%2856_Ba%29.jpg Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/barium.php
58 Lanthanum silvery white 138.905477 3737.0 lanthanide 6.162 Carl Gustaf Mosander 1193.0 27.11 57 6 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanum https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_057_lanthanum/element_057_lanthanum_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_057_lanthanum/element_057_lanthanum.glb Lanthanum is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metallic chemical element with symbol La and atomic number 57. It tarnishes rapidly when exposed to air and is soft enough to be cut with a knife. It gave its name to the lanthanide series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and lutetium in the periodic table:it is also sometimes considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals. La 3 9 3 6 [2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 5d1 [Xe] 5d16s2 53.0 1.1 [538.1, 1067, 1850.3, 4819, 5940] 70d4ff f 1 cm Big Piece of Pure Lanthanum https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Lanthanum.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/lanthanum.php
59 Cerium silvery white 140.1161 3716.0 lanthanide 6.77 Martin Heinrich Klaproth 1068.0 26.94 58 6 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_058_cerium/element_058_cerium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_058_cerium/element_058_cerium.glb Cerium is a chemical element with symbol Ce and atomic number 58. It is a soft, silvery, ductile metal which easily oxidizes in air. Cerium was named after the dwarf planet Ceres (itself named after the Roman goddess of agriculture). Ce 4 9 4 6 [2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 5d1 4f1 [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2 55.0 1.12 [534.4, 1050, 1949, 3547, 6325, 7490] ffffc7 f Ultrapure Cerium under Argon, 1.5 grams. Original size in cm: 1 x 1 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Cerium2.jpg Jurii, CC BY 1.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/cerium.php
60 Praseodymium grayish white 140.907662 3403.0 lanthanide 6.77 Carl Auer von Welsbach 1208.0 27.2 59 6 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praseodymium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_059_praseodymium/element_059_praseodymium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_059_praseodymium/element_059_praseodymium.glb Praseodymium is a chemical element with symbol Pr and atomic number 59. Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal in the lanthanide group. It is valued for its magnetic, electrical, chemical, and optical properties. Pr 5 9 5 6 [2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f3 [Xe] 4f3 6s2 93.0 1.13 [527, 1020, 2086, 3761, 5551] d9ffc7 f 1.5 Grams Praseodymium under Argon, 0.5 cm big pieces https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Praseodymium.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/praseodymium.php
61 Neodymium silvery white 144.2423 3347.0 lanthanide 7.01 Carl Auer von Welsbach 1297.0 27.45 60 6 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_060_neodymium/element_060_neodymium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_060_neodymium/element_060_neodymium.glb Neodymium is a chemical element with symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It is a soft silvery metal that tarnishes in air. Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach. Nd 6 9 6 6 [2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f4 [Xe] 4f4 6s2 184.87 1.14 [533.1, 1040, 2130, 3900] c7ffc7 f Ultrapure Neodymium under Argon, 5 grams. Original length of the large piece in cm: 1 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Neodymium_%2860_Nd%29.jpg Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/neodymium.php
62 Promethium metallic 145.0 3273.0 lanthanide 7.26 Chien Shiung Wu 1315.0 Isotopes of promethium 61 6 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_061_promethium/element_061_promethium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_061_promethium/element_061_promethium.glb Promethium, originally prometheum, is a chemical element with the symbol Pm and atomic number 61. All of its isotopes are radioactive; it is one of only two such elements that are followed in the periodic table by elements with stable forms, a distinction shared with technetium. Chemically, promethium is a lanthanide, which forms salts when combined with other elements. Pm 7 9 7 6 [2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f5 [Xe] 4f5 6s2 12.45 1.13 [540, 1050, 2150, 3970] a3ffc7 f Photomontage of what promethium metal might look like (it is too radioactive and real images are not available) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Promethium.jpg Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/promethium.php
63 Samarium silvery white 150.362 2173.0 lanthanide 7.52 Lecoq de Boisbaudran 1345.0 29.54 62 6 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_062_samarium/element_062_samarium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_062_samarium/element_062_samarium.glb Samarium is a chemical element with symbol Sm and atomic number 62. It is a moderately hard silvery metal that readily oxidizes in air. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, samarium usually assumes the oxidation state +3. Sm 8 9 8 6 [2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f6 [Xe] 4f6 6s2 15.63 1.17 [544.5, 1070, 2260, 3990] 8fffc7 f Ultrapure Sublimated Samarium, 2 grams. Original size in cm: 0.8 x 1.5 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Samarium-2.jpg Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 1.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/samarium.php
64 Europium 151.9641 1802.0 lanthanide 5.264 Eugène-Anatole Demarçay 1099.0 27.66 63 6 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_063_europium/element_063_europium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_063_europium/element_063_europium.glb Europium is a chemical element with symbol Eu and atomic number 63. It was isolated in 1901 and is named after the continent of Europe. It is a moderately hard, silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water. Eu 9 9 9 6 [2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f7 [Xe] 4f7 6s2 11.2 1.2 [547.1, 1085, 2404, 4120] 61ffc7 f Weakly Oxidized Europium, hence slightly yellowish. 1.5 grams, large piece 0.6 x 1.6 cm. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Europium.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/europium.php
65 Gadolinium silvery white 157.253 3273.0 lanthanide 7.9 Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac 1585.0 37.03 64 6 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_064_gadolinium/element_064_gadolinium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_064_gadolinium/element_064_gadolinium.glb Gadolinium is a chemical element with symbol Gd and atomic number 64. It is a silvery-white, malleable and ductile rare-earth metal. It is found in nature only in combined (salt) form. Gd 10 9 10 6 [2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f7 5d1 [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 13.22 1.2 [593.4, 1170, 1990, 4250] 45ffc7 f Pure (99.95%) Amorphous Gadolinium, about 12 grams, 2 × 1.5 × 0.5 cm, cast in acrylic glass https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Gadolinium-2.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/gadolinium.php
66 Terbium silvery white 158.925352 3396.0 lanthanide 8.23 Carl Gustaf Mosander 1629.0 28.91 65 6 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_065_terbium/element_065_terbium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_065_terbium/element_065_terbium.glb Terbium is a chemical element with symbol Tb and atomic number 65. It is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Terbium is never found in nature as a free element, but it is contained in many minerals, including cerite, gadolinite, monazite, xenotime and euxenite. Tb 11 9 11 6 [2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9 [Xe] 4f9 6s2 112.4 1.1 [565.8, 1110, 2114, 3839] 30ffc7 f Pure Terbium, 3 grams. Original size: 1 cm https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Terbium-2.jpg Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 1.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/terbium.php
67 Dysprosium silvery white 162.5001 2840.0 lanthanide 8.54 Lecoq de Boisbaudran 1680.0 27.7 66 6 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysprosium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_066_dysprosium/element_066_dysprosium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_066_dysprosium/element_066_dysprosium.glb Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime. Dy 12 9 12 6 [2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f10 [Xe] 4f10 6s2 33.96 1.22 [573, 1130, 2200, 3990] 1fffc7 f Pure Dysprosium Dendrites https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Dysprosium-2.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/dysprosium.php
68 Holmium silvery white 164.930332 2873.0 lanthanide 8.79 Marc Delafontaine 1734.0 27.15 67 6 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_067_holmium/element_067_holmium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_067_holmium/element_067_holmium.glb Holmium is a chemical element with symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a rare earth element. Holmium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Theodor Cleve. Ho 13 9 13 6 [2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f11 [Xe] 4f11 6s2 32.61 1.23 [581, 1140, 2204, 4100] 00ff9c f Ultrapure Holmium, 17 grams. Original size in cm: 1.5 x 2.5 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Holmium2.jpg Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 1.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/holmium.php
69 Erbium silvery white 167.2593 3141.0 lanthanide 9.066 Carl Gustaf Mosander 1802.0 28.12 68 6 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_068_erbium/element_068_erbium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_068_erbium/element_068_erbium.glb Erbium is a chemical element in the lanthanide series, with symbol Er and atomic number 68. A silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements on Earth. As such, it is a rare earth element which is associated with several other rare elements in the mineral gadolinite from Ytterby in Sweden, where yttrium, ytterbium, and terbium were discovered. Er 14 9 14 6 [2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f12 [Xe] 4f12 6s2 30.1 1.24 [589.3, 1150, 2194, 4120] 00e675 f 9.5 Gramms Pure Erbium, 2 x 2 cm https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Erbium-2.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/erbium.php
70 Thulium silvery gray 168.934222 2223.0 lanthanide 9.32 Per Teodor Cleve 1818.0 27.03 69 6 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_069_thulium/element_069_thulium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_069_thulium/element_069_thulium.glb Thulium is a chemical element with symbol Tm and atomic number 69. It is the thirteenth and antepenultimate (third-last) element in the lanthanide series. Like the other lanthanides, the most common oxidation state is +3, seen in its oxide, halides and other compounds. Tm 15 9 15 6 [2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f13 [Xe] 4f13 6s2 99.0 1.25 [596.7, 1160, 2285, 4120] 00d452 f Ultrapure (99.997%) Crystalline Thulium, 22.3 grams, 3 × 3 × 2 cm in size https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Thulium-2.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/thulium.php
71 Ytterbium 173.0451 1469.0 lanthanide 6.9 Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac 1097.0 26.74 70 6 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_070_ytterbium/element_070_ytterbium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_070_ytterbium/element_070_ytterbium.glb Ytterbium is a chemical element with symbol Yb and atomic number 70. It is the fourteenth and penultimate element in the lanthanide series, which is the basis of the relative stability of its +2 oxidation state. However, like the other lanthanides, its most common oxidation state is +3, seen in its oxide, halides and other compounds. Yb 16 9 16 6 [2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 [Xe] 4f14 6s2 -1.93 1.1 [603.4, 1174.8, 2417, 4203] 00bf38 f Ytterbium, 0.5 x 1 cm https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Ytterbium-3.jpg Jurii, CC BY 1.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/ytterbium.php
72 Lutetium silvery white 174.96681 3675.0 lanthanide 9.841 Georges Urbain 1925.0 26.86 71 6 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_071_lutetium/element_071_lutetium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_071_lutetium/element_071_lutetium.glb Lutetium is a chemical element with symbol Lu and atomic number 71. It is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry, but not in moist air. It is considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals and the last element in the lanthanide series, and is traditionally counted among the rare earths. Lu 17 9 17 6 [2, 8, 18, 32, 9, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d1 [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2 33.4 1.27 [523.5, 1340, 2022.3, 4370, 6445] 00ab24 d 1 cm Big Piece of Pure Lutetium https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Lutetium.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/lutetium.php
73 Hafnium steel gray 178.492 4876.0 transition metal 13.31 Dirk Coster 2506.0 25.73 72 6 4 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_072_hafnium/element_072_hafnium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_072_hafnium/element_072_hafnium.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hafnium_spectrum_visible.png Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, though it was not identified until 1923, making it the penultimate stable element to be discovered (rhenium was identified two years later). Hf 4 6 18 6 [2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d2 [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 17.18 1.3 [658.5, 1440, 2250, 3216] 4dc2ff d Electrolytic Hafnium, 22 grams. Original size in cm: 1 x 2 x 3 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Hafnium_%2872_Hf%29.jpg Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/hafnium.php
74 Tantalum gray blue 180.947882 5731.0 transition metal 16.69 Anders Gustaf Ekeberg 3290.0 25.36 73 6 5 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_073_tantalum/element_073_tantalum_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_073_tantalum/element_073_tantalum.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tantalum_spectrum_visible.png Tantalum is a chemical element with symbol Ta and atomic number 73. Previously known as tantalium, its name comes from Tantalus, an antihero from Greek mythology. Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion-resistant. Ta 5 6 19 6 [2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d3 [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 31.0 1.5 [761, 1500] 4da6ff d Piece of tantalum, 1 cm in size https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Tantalum.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/tantalum.php
75 Tungsten grayish white, lustrous 183.841 6203.0 transition metal 19.25 Carl Wilhelm Scheele 3695.0 24.27 74 6 6 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_074_tungsten/element_074_tungsten_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_074_tungsten/element_074_tungsten.glb Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten, which directly translates to heavy stone. Its name in Swedish is volfram, however, in order to distinguish it from scheelite, which in Swedish is alternatively named tungsten. W 6 6 20 6 [2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d4 [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 78.76 2.36 [770, 1700] 2194d6 d Tungsten rod with oxidised surface, 80 grams. Original size in cm: 1.3 x 3 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Tungsten_rod_with_oxidised_surface.jpg Jurii, CC BY 1.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/tungsten.php
76 Rhenium silvery-grayish 186.2071 5869.0 transition metal 21.02 Masataka Ogawa 3459.0 25.48 Walter Noddack 75 6 7 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_075_rhenium/element_075_rhenium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_075_rhenium/element_075_rhenium.glb Rhenium is a chemical element with symbol Re and atomic number 75. It is a silvery-white, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table. With an estimated average concentration of 1 part per billion (ppb), rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust. Re 7 6 21 6 [2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d5 [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 5.8273 1.9 [760, 1260, 2510, 3640] 267dab d Pure Rhenium Bead, arc melted, 21 grams. Original size in cm: 1.5 x 1.7. Measured radiation dose <0.05 μS/h. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Pure_rhenium_bead%2C_arc_melted%2C_21_grams._Original_size_in_cm_-_1.5_x_1.7.jpg Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/rhenium.php
77 Osmium silvery, blue cast 190.233 5285.0 transition metal 22.59 Smithson Tennant 3306.0 24.7 76 6 8 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_076_osmium/element_076_osmium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_076_osmium/element_076_osmium.glb Osmium (from Greek osme (ὀσμή) meaning "smell") is a chemical element with symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, with a density of 22.59 g/cm3. Os 8 6 22 6 [2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d6 [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 103.99 2.2 [840, 1600] 266696 d Pure Osmium Bead https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Osmium-bead.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/osmium.php
78 Iridium silvery white 192.2173 4403.0 transition metal 22.56 Smithson Tennant 2719.0 25.1 77 6 9 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_077_iridium/element_077_iridium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_077_iridium/element_077_iridium.glb Iridium is a chemical element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77. A very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum group, iridium is generally credited with being the second densest element (after osmium) based on measured density, although calculations involving the space lattices of the elements show that iridium is denser. It is also the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at temperatures as high as 2000 °C. Although only certain molten salts and halogens are corrosive to solid iridium, finely divided iridium dust is much more reactive and can be flammable. Ir 9 6 23 6 [2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d7 [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 150.94 2.2 [880, 1600] 175487 d Pieces of Pure Iridium, 1 gram. Original size: 0.1 - 0.3 cm each https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Iridium-2.jpg Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 1.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/iridium.php
79 Platinum silvery white 195.0849 4098.0 transition metal 21.45 Antonio de Ulloa 2041.4 25.86 78 6 10 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_078_platinum/element_078_platinum_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_078_platinum/element_078_platinum.glb Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, gray-white transition metal. Its name is derived from the Spanish term platina, which is literally translated into "little silver". Pt 10 6 24 6 [2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s1 4f14 5d9 [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 205.041 2.28 [870, 1791] d0d0e0 d Crystals of Pure Platinum grown by gas phase transport https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Platinum_crystals.jpg Periodictableru, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
80 Gold metallic yellow 196.9665695 3243.0 transition metal 19.3 Middle East 1337.33 25.418 79 6 11 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_079_gold/element_079_gold_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_079_gold/element_079_gold.glb Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from Latin:aurum) and atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. Au 11 6 25 6 [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s1 4f14 5d10 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 222.747 2.54 [890.1, 1980] ffd123 d Ultrapure Gold Leaf https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Gold_%2879_Au%29.jpg Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/gold.php
81 Mercury silvery 200.5923 629.88 transition metal 13.534 unknown, before 2000 BCE 234.321 27.983 80 6 12 Liquid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury (Element) https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_080_mercury/element_080_mercury_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_080_mercury/element_080_mercury.glb Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum (/haɪˈdrɑːrdʒərəm/). A heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is bromine, though metals such as caesium, gallium, and rubidium melt just above room temperature. Hg 12 6 26 6 [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 -48.0 2.0 [1007.1, 1810, 3300] b8b8d0 d 6 grams pure mercury. Diameter of the inner disc: 2 cm https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Hydrargyrum_%2880_Hg%29.jpg Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/mercury.php
82 Thallium silvery white 204.38 1746.0 post-transition metal 11.85 William Crookes 577.0 26.32 81 6 13 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_081_thallium/element_081_thallium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_081_thallium/element_081_thallium.glb Thallium is a chemical element with symbol Tl and atomic number 81. This soft gray post-transition metal is not found free in nature. When isolated, it resembles tin, but discolors when exposed to air. Tl 13 6 27 6 [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p1 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1 36.4 1.62 [589.4, 1971, 2878] a6544d p 8 grams pure thallium under argon. Original size in cm: 0.7 x 1.5 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Thallium_%2881_Tl%29.jpg Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/thallium.php
83 Lead metallic gray 207.21 2022.0 post-transition metal 11.34 Middle East 600.61 26.65 82 6 14 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_(element) https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_082_lead/element_082_lead_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_082_lead/element_082_lead.glb Lead (/lɛd/) is a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb (from Latin:plumbum) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable and heavy post-transition metal. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air. Pb 14 6 28 6 [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 34.4204 1.87 [715.6, 1450.5, 3081.5, 4083, 6640] 575961 p Ultrapure Lead Bead from two sides. Original size in cm: 1.5 x 2 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Lead-2.jpg Chemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/lead.php
84 Bismuth lustrous silver 208.980401 1837.0 post-transition metal 9.78 Claude François Geoffroy 544.7 25.52 83 6 15 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_083_bismuth/element_083_bismuth_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_083_bismuth/element_083_bismuth.glb Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. Bismuth, a pentavalent post-transition metal, chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth may occur naturally, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores. Bi 15 6 29 6 [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 90.924 2.02 [703, 1610, 2466, 4370, 5400, 8520] 9e4fb5 p Bismuth Crystal https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Bismuth-2.jpg Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/bismuth.php
85 Polonium silvery 209.0 1235.0 post-transition metal 9.196 Pierre Curie 527.0 26.4 84 6 16 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_084_polonium/element_084_polonium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_084_polonium/element_084_polonium.glb Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uranium ores. Applications of polonium are few. Po 16 6 30 6 [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4 136.0 2.0 [812.1] ab5c00 p This is only an illustration, not polonium itself. A silvery, radioactive metal, producing so much heat that it gets liquid and ionizes the surrounding air https://images-of-elements.com/polonium.jpg Chemical ELements A Virtual Museum, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0> source: https://images-of-elements.com/polonium.php
86 Astatine unknown, probably metallic 210.0 610.0 metalloid 6.35 Dale R. Corson 575.0 85 6 17 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatine https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_085_astatine/element_085_astatine_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_085_astatine/element_085_astatine.glb Astatine is a very rare radioactive chemical element with the chemical symbol At and atomic number 85. It occurs on Earth as the decay product of various heavier elements. All its isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.1 hours. At 17 6 31 6 [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p5 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5 233.0 2.2 [899.003] 754f45 p This is only an illustration, not astatine itself. Crystals similar to iodine, but darker in color than these, which due to the extreme radioactivity glow blue and evaporate to dark purple gas https://images-of-elements.com/astatine.jpg Chemical ELements A Virtual Museum, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0> source: https://images-of-elements.com/astatine.php
87 Radon colorless gas, occasionally glows green or red in discharge tubes 222.0 211.5 noble gas 9.73 Friedrich Ernst Dorn 202.0 86 6 18 Gas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_086_radon/element_086_radon_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_086_radon/element_086_radon.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radon_spectrum.png Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as a decay product of radium. Its most stable isotope, 222Rn, has a half-life of 3.8 days. Rn 18 6 32 6 [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 -68.0 2.2 [1037] 428296 p This is only an illustration, not radon itself. Radon is said to glow red in discharge tubes, although it practically is never used for this, due to its strong radioactivity. https://images-of-elements.com/radon.jpg Chemical ELements A Virtual Museum, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0> source: https://images-of-elements.com/radon.php
88 Francium 223.0 950.0 alkali metal 1.87 Marguerite Perey 300.0 87 7 1 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_087_francium/element_087_francium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_087_francium/element_087_francium.glb Francium is a chemical element with symbol Fr and atomic number 87. It used to be known as eka-caesium and actinium K. It is the second-least electronegative element, behind only caesium. Francium is a highly radioactive metal that decays into astatine, radium, and radon. Fr 1 7 1 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s1 [Rn] 7s1 46.89 0.79 [380] 420066 s This is only an illustration, not francium itself. https://images-of-elements.com/francium.jpg Chemical ELements A Virtual Museum, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0> source: https://images-of-elements.com/francium.jpg
89 Radium silvery white metallic 226.0 2010.0 alkaline earth metal 5.5 Pierre Curie 1233.0 88 7 2 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_088_radium/element_088_radium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_088_radium/element_088_radium.glb Radium is a chemical element with symbol Ra and atomic number 88. It is the sixth element in group 2 of the periodic table, also known as the alkaline earth metals. Pure radium is almost colorless, but it readily combines with nitrogen (rather than oxygen) on exposure to air, forming a black surface layer of radium nitride (Ra3N2). Ra 2 7 2 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 [Rn] 7s2 9.6485 0.9 [509.3, 979] 007d00 s Radium electroplated on a very small sample of copper foil and covered with polyurethane to prevent reaction with the air https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Radium226.jpg grenadier, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
90 Actinium 227.0 3500.0 actinide 10.0 Friedrich Oskar Giesel 1500.0 27.2 89 7 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_089_actinium/element_089_actinium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_089_actinium/element_089_actinium.glb Actinium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Ac (not to be confused with the abbreviation for an acetyl group) and atomic number 89, which was discovered in 1899. It was the first non-primordial radioactive element to be isolated. Polonium, radium and radon were observed before actinium, but they were not isolated until 1902. Ac 3 10 3 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 6d1 [Rn] 6d1 7s2 33.77 1.1 [499, 1170] 70abfa f Actinium-225 medical radioisotope held in a v-vial at ORNL. The blue glow comes from the ionization of surrounding air by alpha particles https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Actinium_sample_%2831481701837%29.png Oak Ridge National Laboratory, CC BY 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/oakridgelab/31481701837/
91 Thorium silvery, often with black tarnish 232.03774 5061.0 actinide 11.724 Jöns Jakob Berzelius 2023.0 26.23 90 7 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_090_thorium/element_090_thorium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_090_thorium/element_090_thorium.glb Thorium is a chemical element with symbol Th and atomic number 90. A radioactive actinide metal, thorium is one of only two significantly radioactive elements that still occur naturally in large quantities as a primordial element (the other being uranium). It was discovered in 1828 by the Norwegian Reverend and amateur mineralogist Morten Thrane Esmark and identified by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius, who named it after Thor, the Norse god of thunder. Th 4 10 4 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 6d2 [Rn] 6d2 7s2 112.72 1.3 [587, 1110, 1930, 2780] 00baff f Thorium Metal in Ampoule, corroded https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Thorium-1.jpg W. Oelen, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
92 Protactinium bright, silvery metallic luster 231.035882 4300.0 actinide 15.37 William Crookes 1841.0 Otto Hahn 91 7 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protactinium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_091_protactinium/element_091_protactinium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_091_protactinium/element_091_protactinium.glb Protactinium is a chemical element with symbol Pa and atomic number 91. It is a dense, silvery-gray metal which readily reacts with oxygen, water vapor and inorganic acids. It forms various chemical compounds where protactinium is usually present in the oxidation state +5, but can also assume +4 and even +2 or +3 states. Pa 5 10 5 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f2 6d1 [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2 53.03 1.5 [568] 00a1ff f This sample of Protactinium-233 (dark circular area in the photo) was photographed in the light from its own radioactive emission (the lighter area) at the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Protactinium-233.jpg ENERGY.GOV, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
93 Uranium 238.028913 4404.0 actinide 19.1 Martin Heinrich Klaproth 1405.3 27.665 92 7 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_092_uranium/element_092_uranium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_092_uranium/element_092_uranium.glb Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. U 6 10 6 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 21, 9, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f3 6d1 [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2 50.94 1.38 [597.6, 1420] 008fff f A biscuit of uranium metal after reduction via the Ames Process. c.1943. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Ames_Process_uranium_biscuit.jpg Unknown authorUnknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
94 Neptunium silvery metallic 237.0 4447.0 actinide 20.45 Edwin McMillan 912.0 29.46 93 7 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_093_neptunium/element_093_neptunium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_093_neptunium/element_093_neptunium.glb Neptunium is a chemical element with symbol Np and atomic number 93. A radioactive actinide metal, neptunium is the first transuranic element. Its position in the periodic table just after uranium, named after the planet Uranus, led to it being named after Neptune, the next planet beyond Uranus. Np 7 10 7 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f4 6d1 [Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2 45.85 1.36 [604.5] 0080ff f Neptunium 237 sphere (6 kg) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Neptunium2.jpg Los Alamos National Laboratory,, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
95 Plutonium silvery white, tarnishing to dark gray in air 244.0 3505.0 actinide 19.816 Glenn T. Seaborg 912.5 35.5 94 7 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_094_plutonium/element_094_plutonium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_094_plutonium/element_094_plutonium.glb Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94. It is an actinide metal of silvery-gray appearance that tarnishes when exposed to air, and forms a dull coating when oxidized. The element normally exhibits six allotropes and four oxidation states. Pu 8 10 8 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f6 [Rn] 5f6 7s2 -48.33 1.28 [584.7] 006bff f Plutonium Ring https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Plutonium_ring.jpg Los Alamos National Laboratory, Attribution, via Wikimedia Commons
96 Americium silvery white 243.0 2880.0 actinide 12.0 Glenn T. Seaborg 1449.0 62.7 95 7 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_095_americium/element_095_americium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_095_americium/element_095_americium.glb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Americium_spectrum_visible.png Americium is a radioactive transuranic chemical element with symbol Am and atomic number 95. This member of the actinide series is located in the periodic table under the lanthanide element europium, and thus by analogy was named after the Americas. Americium was first produced in 1944 by the group of Glenn T.Seaborg from Berkeley, California, at the metallurgical laboratory of University of Chicago. Am 9 10 9 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f7 [Rn] 5f7 7s2 9.93 1.13 [578] 545cf2 f A small disc of Am-241 under the microscope. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Americium_microscope.jpg Bionerd, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
97 Curium silvery metallic, glows purple in the dark 247.0 3383.0 actinide 13.51 Glenn T. Seaborg 1613.0 96 7 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_096_curium/element_096_curium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_096_curium/element_096_curium.glb Curium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This element of the actinide series was named after Marie and Pierre Curie – both were known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first intentionally produced and identified in July 1944 by the group of Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley. Cm 10 10 10 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 9, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f7 6d1 [Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2 27.17 1.28 [581] 785ce3 f A piece of curium, which emitts strong radiation that makes it glow https://images-of-elements.com/s/curium-glow.jpg European Union, The Actinide Group, Institute for Transuranium Elements (JRC-ITU), source: https://images-of-elements.com/curium.php
98 Berkelium silvery 247.0 2900.0 actinide 14.78 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1259.0 97 7 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_097_berkelium/element_097_berkelium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_097_berkelium/element_097_berkelium.glb Berkelium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Bk and atomic number 97. It is a member of the actinide and transuranium element series. It is named after the city of Berkeley, California, the location of the University of California Radiation Laboratory where it was discovered in December 1949. Bk 11 10 11 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 27, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f9 [Rn] 5f9 7s2 -165.24 1.3 [601] 8a4fe3 f It took 250 days to make enough berkelium, shown here (in dissolved state), to synthesize element 117 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Berkelium.jpg ORNL, Department of Energy, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
99 Californium silvery 251.0 1743.0 actinide 15.1 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1173.0 98 7 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_098_californium/element_098_californium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_098_californium/element_098_californium.glb Californium is a radioactive metallic chemical element with symbol Cf and atomic number 98. The element was first made in 1950 at the University of California Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, by bombarding curium with alpha particles (helium-4 ions). It is an actinide element, the sixth transuranium element to be synthesized, and has the second-highest atomic mass of all the elements that have been produced in amounts large enough to see with the unaided eye (after einsteinium). Cf 12 10 12 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f10 [Rn] 5f10 7s2 -97.31 1.3 [608] a136d4 f A disc of californium metal (249Cf, 10 mg). The source implies that the disc has a diameter about twice the thickness of a typical pin, or on the order of 1 mm https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Californium.jpg United States Department of Energy (see File:Einsteinium.jpg), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
100 Einsteinium silver-colored 252.0 1269.0 actinide 8.84 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1133.0 99 7 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_099_einsteinium/element_099_einsteinium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_099_einsteinium/element_099_einsteinium.glb Einsteinium is a synthetic element with symbol Es and atomic number 99. It is the seventh transuranic element, and an actinide. Einsteinium was discovered as a component of the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952, and named after Albert Einstein. Es 13 10 13 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 29, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f11 [Rn] 5f11 7s2 -28.6 1.3 [619] b31fd4 f 300 micrograms of Einsteinium 253, which has a half-life of 20 days. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Einsteinium.jpg Haire, R. G., US Department of Energy.Touched up by Materialscientist at en.wikipedia., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
101 Fermium 257.0 actinide Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1800.0 100 7 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_100_fermium/element_100_fermium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_100_fermium/element_100_fermium.glb Fermium is a synthetic element with symbol Fm and atomic number 100. It is a member of the actinide series. It is the heaviest element that can be formed by neutron bombardment of lighter elements, and hence the last element that can be prepared in macroscopic quantities, although pure fermium metal has not yet been prepared. Fm 14 10 14 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 30, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f12 [Rn] 5f12 7s2 33.96 1.3 [627] b31fba f Fermium was first observed in the fallout from the Ivy Mike nuclear test. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg U.S. Department of Energy, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
102 Mendelevium 258.0 actinide Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1100.0 101 7 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelevium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_101_mendelevium/element_101_mendelevium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_101_mendelevium/element_101_mendelevium.glb Mendelevium is a synthetic element with chemical symbol Md (formerly Mv) and atomic number 101. A metallic radioactive transuranic element in the actinide series, it is the first element that currently cannot be produced in macroscopic quantities through neutron bombardment of lighter elements. It is the antepenultimate actinide and the ninth transuranic element. Md 15 10 15 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 31, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f13 [Rn] 5f13 7s2 93.91 1.3 [635] b30da6 f This is only an illustration, not mendelevium itself. Chemically similar to Thulium, the highly radioactive heavy metal emits very energetic α-radiation. https://images-of-elements.com/s/mendelevium.jpg Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/mendelevium.php
103 Nobelium 259.0 actinide Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 1100.0 102 7 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_102_nobelium/element_102_nobelium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_102_nobelium/element_102_nobelium.glb Nobelium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol No and atomic number 102. It is named in honor of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite and benefactor of science. A radioactive metal, it is the tenth transuranic element and is the penultimate member of the actinide series. No 16 10 16 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 -223.22 1.3 [642] bd0d87 f This is only an illustration, not nobelium itself. Nobelium can only be made in very small amounts and emits strong radiation of various kinds. https://images-of-elements.com/nobelium.jpg Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/nobelium.php
104 Lawrencium 266.0 actinide Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1900.0 103 7 3 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrencium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_103_lawrencium/element_103_lawrencium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_103_lawrencium/element_103_lawrencium.glb Lawrencium is a synthetic chemical element with chemical symbol Lr (formerly Lw) and atomic number 103. It is named in honor of Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron, a device that was used to discover many artificial radioactive elements. A radioactive metal, lawrencium is the eleventh transuranic element and is also the final member of the actinide series. Lr 17 10 17 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 3] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 7p1 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1 -30.04 1.3 [470] c70066 d This is only an illustration, not lawrencium itself. Lawrencium can only be made in very small amounts and emits strong radiation https://images-of-elements.com/lawrencium.jpg Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/lawrencium.php
105 Rutherfordium 267.0 5800.0 transition metal 23.2 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 2400.0 104 7 4 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_104_rutherfordium/element_104_rutherfordium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_104_rutherfordium/element_104_rutherfordium.glb Rutherfordium is a chemical element with symbol Rf and atomic number 104, named in honor of physicist Ernest Rutherford. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 267Rf, has a half-life of approximately 1.3 hours. In the periodic table of the elements, it is a d - block element and the second of the fourth - row transition elements. Rf 4 7 18 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 10, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d2 [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 [580] cc0059 d Decay traces in a spark chamber, not of rutherfordium, but of a pion. This is a completely different, unrelated particle, but the decay of rutherfordium would make streaks there, too. https://images-of-elements.com/s/rutherfordium.jpg Image © CERN, Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/rutherfordium.php
106 Dubnium 268.0 transition metal 29.3 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 105 7 5 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubnium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_105_dubnium/element_105_dubnium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_105_dubnium/element_105_dubnium.glb Dubnium is a chemical element with symbol Db and atomic number 105. It is named after the town of Dubna in Russia (north of Moscow), where it was first produced. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, dubnium-268, has a half-life of approximately 28 hours. Db 5 7 19 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d3 *[Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2 [] d1004f d No Image Found https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/dubnium.php
107 Seaborgium 269.0 transition metal 35.0 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 106 7 6 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaborgium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_106_seaborgium/element_106_seaborgium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_106_seaborgium/element_106_seaborgium.glb Seaborgium is a synthetic element with symbol Sg and atomic number 106. Its most stable isotope 271Sg has a half-life of 1.9 minutes. A more recently discovered isotope 269Sg has a potentially slightly longer half-life (ca. Sg 6 7 20 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d4 *[Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2 [] d90045 d No Image Found https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/seaborgium.php
108 Bohrium 270.0 transition metal 37.1 Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung 107 7 7 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohrium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_107_bohrium/element_107_bohrium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_107_bohrium/element_107_bohrium.glb Bohrium is a chemical element with symbol Bh and atomic number 107. It is named after Danish physicist Niels Bohr. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 270Bh, has a half-life of approximately 61 seconds. Bh 7 7 21 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d5 *[Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2 [] e00038 d No Image Found https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/bohrium.php
109 Hassium 269.0 transition metal 40.7 Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung 126.0 108 7 8 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_108_hassium/element_108_hassium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_108_hassium/element_108_hassium.glb Hassium is a chemical element with symbol Hs and atomic number 108, named after the German state of Hesse. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 269Hs, has a half-life of approximately 9.7 seconds, although an unconfirmed metastable state, 277mHs, may have a longer half-life of about 130 seconds. More than 100 atoms of hassium have been synthesized to date. Hs 8 7 22 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d6 *[Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2 [] e6002e d No Image Found https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/hassium.php
110 Meitnerium 278.0 unknown, probably transition metal 37.4 Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung 109 7 9 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitnerium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_109_meitnerium/element_109_meitnerium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_109_meitnerium/element_109_meitnerium.glb Meitnerium is a chemical element with symbol Mt and atomic number 109. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element (an element not found in nature that can be created in a laboratory). The most stable known isotope, meitnerium-278, has a half-life of 7.6 seconds. Mt 9 7 23 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 15, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d7 *[Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2 [] eb0026 d No Image Found https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/meitnerium.php
111 Darmstadtium 281.0 unknown, probably transition metal 34.8 Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung 110 7 10 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadtium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_110_darmstadtium/element_110_darmstadtium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_110_darmstadtium/element_110_darmstadtium.glb Darmstadtium is a chemical element with symbol Ds and atomic number 110. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element. The most stable known isotope, darmstadtium-281, has a half-life of approximately 10 seconds. Ds 10 7 24 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 16, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d8 *[Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s1 [] d No Image Found https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/darmstadtium.php
112 Roentgenium 282.0 unknown, probably transition metal 28.7 Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung 111 7 11 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_111_roentgenium/element_111_roentgenium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_111_roentgenium/element_111_roentgenium.glb Roentgenium is a chemical element with symbol Rg and atomic number 111. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature); the most stable known isotope, roentgenium-282, has a half-life of 2.1 minutes. Roentgenium was first created in 1994 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany. Rg 11 7 25 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d9 *[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s1 151.0 [] d No Image Found https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/roentgenium.php
113 Copernicium 285.0 3570.0 transition metal 14.0 Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung 112 7 12 Liquid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_112_copernicium/element_112_copernicium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_112_copernicium/element_112_copernicium.glb Copernicium is a chemical element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element that can only be created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of approximately 29 seconds, but it is possible that this copernicium isotope may have a nuclear isomer with a longer half-life, 8.9 min. Cn 12 7 26 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 *[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 [] d No Image Found https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/copernicium.php
114 Nihonium 286.0 1430.0 unknown, probably transition metal 16.0 RIKEN 700.0 113 7 13 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtrium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_113_nihonium/element_113_nihonium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_113_nihonium/element_113_nihonium.glb Nihonium is a chemical element with atomic number 113. It has a symbol Nh. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and is extremely radioactive; its most stable known isotope, nihonium-286, has a half-life of 20 seconds. Nh 13 7 27 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 3] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p1 *[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1 66.6 [] p No Image Found https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/nihonium.php
115 Flerovium 289.0 420.0 post-transition metal 14.0 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 340.0 114 7 14 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flerovium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_114_flerovium/element_114_flerovium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_114_flerovium/element_114_flerovium.glb Flerovium is a superheavy artificial chemical element with symbol Fl and atomic number 114. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element. The element is named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where the element was discovered in 1998. Fl 14 7 28 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 4] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p2 *[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p2 [] p No Image Found https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/flerovium.php
116 Moscovium 289.0 1400.0 unknown, probably post-transition metal 13.5 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 670.0 115 7 15 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununpentium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_115_moscovium/element_115_moscovium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_115_moscovium/element_115_moscovium.glb Moscovium is the name of a synthetic superheavy element in the periodic table that has the symbol Mc and has the atomic number 115. It is an extremely radioactive element; its most stable known isotope, moscovium-289, has a half-life of only 220 milliseconds. It is also known as eka-bismuth or simply element 115. Mc 15 7 29 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 5] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p3 *[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3 35.3 [] p No Image Found https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/moscovium.php
117 Livermorium 293.0 1085.0 unknown, probably post-transition metal 12.9 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 709.0 116 7 16 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livermorium https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_116_livermorium/element_116_livermorium_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_116_livermorium/element_116_livermorium.glb Livermorium is a synthetic superheavy element with symbol Lv and atomic number 116. It is an extremely radioactive element that has only been created in the laboratory and has not been observed in nature. The element is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States, which collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia to discover livermorium in 2000. Lv 16 7 30 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 6] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p4 *[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4 74.9 [] p No Image Found https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/livermorium.php
118 Tennessine 294.0 883.0 unknown, probably metalloid 7.17 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 723.0 117 7 17 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessine https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_117_tennessine/element_117_tennessine_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_117_tennessine/element_117_tennessine.glb Tennessine is a superheavy artificial chemical element with an atomic number of 117 and a symbol of Ts. Also known as eka-astatine or element 117, it is the second-heaviest known element and penultimate element of the 7th period of the periodic table. As of 2016, fifteen tennessine atoms have been observed:six when it was first synthesized in 2010, seven in 2012, and two in 2014. Ts 17 7 31 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 7] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p5 *[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p5 165.9 [] p No Image Found https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/tenessine.php
119 Oganesson 294.0 350.0 unknown, predicted to be noble gas 4.95 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 118 7 18 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oganesson https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_118_oganesson/element_118_oganesson_srp_th.png https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_118_oganesson/element_118_oganesson.glb Oganesson is IUPAC's name for the transactinide element with the atomic number 118 and element symbol Og. It is also known as eka-radon or element 118, and on the periodic table of the elements it is a p-block element and the last one of the 7th period. Oganesson is currently the only synthetic member of group 18. Og 18 7 32 7 [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6 *[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6 5.40318 [] p No Image Found https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/oganesson.php
120 Ununennium 315.0 630.0 unknown, but predicted to be an alkali metal 3.0 GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research 119 8 1 Solid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununennium Ununennium, also known as eka-francium or simply element 119, is the hypothetical chemical element with symbol Uue and atomic number 119. Ununennium and Uue are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, until a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be an s-block element, an alkali metal, and the first element in the eighth period. Uue 1 8 1 8 [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8, 1] 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6 8s1 *[Uuo] 8s1 63.87 [] s No Image Found https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com

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135398744
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> <PUBCHEM_COMPOUND_CID>
135398744
> <PUBCHEM_CONFORMER_RMSD>
1
> <PUBCHEM_CONFORMER_DIVERSEORDER>
1
29
34
17
48
63
69
60
74
56
64
47
52
49
97
89
80
24
19
84
54
73
62
98
95
36
41
83
91
22
94
75
39
70
86
65
50
85
33
51
40
82
71
38
87
46
43
21
20
66
27
88
37
10
23
30
68
78
58
28
90
92
44
18
53
55
79
72
61
26
96
42
16
59
76
81
2
93
45
67
31
13
14
15
35
9
12
8
4
5
57
32
11
25
77
3
6
7
> <PUBCHEM_MMFF94_PARTIAL_CHARGES>
34
1 1.45
10 -0.57
11 -0.71
12 0.36
13 0.36
14 0.27
15 0.27
16 -0.01
17 0.27
18 -0.15
19 0.09
2 -0.65
20 -0.15
21 0.08
22 0.42
23 -0.15
24 0.12
25 -0.24
26 0.11
27 0.18
28 0.71
3 -0.65
30 0.26
32 0.28
4 -0.36
45 0.15
46 0.15
47 0.15
5 -0.57
50 0.37
6 -0.85
7 -0.81
8 -0.49
9 0.31
> <PUBCHEM_EFFECTIVE_ROTOR_COUNT>
8.2
> <PUBCHEM_PHARMACOPHORE_FEATURES>
12
1 11 acceptor
1 2 acceptor
1 3 acceptor
1 31 hydrophobe
1 4 acceptor
1 5 acceptor
1 7 cation
1 8 donor
5 9 11 24 25 26 rings
6 16 18 19 20 21 23 rings
6 6 7 12 13 14 15 rings
6 8 10 22 24 25 28 rings
> <PUBCHEM_HEAVY_ATOM_COUNT>
33
> <PUBCHEM_ATOM_DEF_STEREO_COUNT>
0
> <PUBCHEM_ATOM_UDEF_STEREO_COUNT>
0
> <PUBCHEM_BOND_DEF_STEREO_COUNT>
0
> <PUBCHEM_BOND_UDEF_STEREO_COUNT>
0
> <PUBCHEM_ISOTOPIC_ATOM_COUNT>
0
> <PUBCHEM_COMPONENT_COUNT>
1
> <PUBCHEM_CACTVS_TAUTO_COUNT>
-1
> <PUBCHEM_CONFORMER_ID>
0812055800000001
> <PUBCHEM_MMFF94_ENERGY>
67.9866
> <PUBCHEM_FEATURE_SELFOVERLAP>
61.031
> <PUBCHEM_SHAPE_FINGERPRINT>
10794284 68 17201391578833120744
11135609 12 18187087303941907297
11578080 2 17834355014371057220
117089 54 17461465760817505787
12553582 1 18059561456720836463
12633257 1 16845574236307429629
12788726 201 17843396280799182017
13009979 54 17769369427798998346
13103583 49 18130525088872507843
13402501 40 18187654634720026123
14251758 9 9583524222133627980
14787075 74 18343866636718016768
14840074 17 17846500344084869551
14955137 171 17489320688624260309
15064986 266 18188492359569319821
15082195 135 17314254261944823638
15406563 190 17676200274020141381
15537594 2 18201717370689017991
16994733 274 15266492002236770688
1813 80 16630231542264519668
19319366 153 18339911672050296646
20429585 67 18411704321838846488
21033650 10 15286767876456396540
21796203 349 17988935469556135418
22149856 69 18261974993363981681
22393880 68 17459466658865593094
23559900 14 18260822726959377165
314194 84 18130497570109629230
329604 57 18408608032791890982
3737641 26 18410301280878416675
437795 51 18200036269224335144
484989 97 18335149678753425066
5104073 3 18339641131833000448
6086070 43 16773503435382866337
6328613 192 14333415579080124226
6371380 46 18268705010240038017
> <PUBCHEM_SHAPE_MULTIPOLES>
629.61
15.29
3.83
2.3
3.4
1.32
0.73
6.45
0.22
-2.57
2.1
2.19
-1.34
2.77
> <PUBCHEM_SHAPE_SELFOVERLAP>
1326.986
> <PUBCHEM_SHAPE_VOLUME>
358.4
> <PUBCHEM_COORDINATE_TYPE>
2
5
10
$$$$